Delhi High Court
Kishan Kumar Gupta vs Raj Kumar on 25 April, 2026
Author: Neena Bansal Krishna
Bench: Neena Bansal Krishna
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
% Reserved on: 13th February, 2026
Pronounced on: 25th April 2026
+ RSA No.150/2024, CM APPL. 47257/2024 (stay)
KISHAN KUMAR GUPTA
S/o Late Om Prakash Gupta
R/o 291/1, D-6, Sector-6, Rohini,
Delhi-110085 .....Appellant
Through: Mr. Galib Kabir, Advocate.
versus
RAJ KUMAR
S/o Late Bishan Sarup
R/o 3139, Lal Darwaza
Bazaar Sita Ram
Delhi-110006 .....Respondent
Through: Appearance not given.
CORAM:
HON'BLE MS. JUSTICE NEENA BANSAL KRISHNA
J U D G M E N T
NEENA BANSAL KRISHNA, J.
1. Second Regular Appeal under Section 100 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to ‘CPC‟) has been filed on behalf of
the Appellant against the Judgment dated 14.05.2024, whereby the learned
District Judge-06, Central District, Delhi in RCA DJ No. 16/2019, has
upheld the Judgment and Decree dated 18.12.2018 of the learned Civil
Judge whereby the Suit of the Plaintiff for Recovery of Rs.2,84,500/-, has
been dismissed.
2. The Substantial question of Law that arises in the present Appeal is:
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(i) Whether the oral evidence is admissible in the
teeth of Written Document?
(ii) Whether findings on oral evidence, in
contradiction to written document, is contrary to
S.90/S.91 Indian Evidence Act?
3. The Plaintiff/Appellant had filed a Suit for Recovery of Rs.2,84,500/-
along with the pendente lite and future interest @18% p.a. against
Defendant.
4. The facts in brief, are that the Plaintiff and the Defendant were well
known to each other, having previously been residents of Sita Ram Bazar,
Delhi. The Defendant took a loan of Rs.3,20,000/- on 15.09.2013, stating
that he was under financial stress as he had purchased a house in August,
2011 and had also got his son married. The Defendant promised to pay in a
year‟s time and he also promised to pay interest @18% p.a.
5. The Defendant failed to pay the loan amount and when the Plaintiff
insisted, he issued a cheque dated 21.10.2014 for Rs.3,20,000/- in favour of
the Plaintiff, with an assurance that on presentation, the cheque would be
encashed.
6. The cheque, however on presentation for encashment on 16.01.2015,
was dishonoured with the remarks “Accounts Closed”, vide Return Memo
dated 19.01.2015. The Plaintiff immediately approached the Defendant for
the return of loan and also served a demand Notice dated 18.02.2015 asking
the Defendant to repay the loan amount.
7. With the intervention of common friends, the dispute was amicably
settled, and the Defendant agreed to pay a sum of ₹1,10,000/- in lieu of the
cheque, in instalments. The first instalment of ₹10,000/- was payable on
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25.03.2015, and subsequent instalments of an equal amount, were to be paid
on a monthly basis, commencing from 01.05.2015.
8. The parties entered into a Settlement dated 16.03.2015, in the
presence of witnesses. Clause 4 of the said Settlement provided that, in the
event of the Defendant‟s failure to pay two consecutive instalments, the
Plaintiff would be at liberty to claim the entire loan amount of ₹3,20,000/-.
The Defendant paid five instalments of ₹10,000/- each from 25.03.2015 till
August 2015, and one further instalment on 05.10.2015, thereby paying a
total sum of ₹60,000/-. However, the Defendant failed to pay any
instalments from October, 2015 onwards and thus, failed to honour the
Settlement dated 16.03.2015.
9. In view of the Defendant‟s default, the Plaintiff became entitled to
recover the entire loan amount of ₹3,20,000/- along with interest. However,
after adjusting the sum of ₹60,000/- already received, the Plaintiff was
entitled to balance amount of ₹2,60,000/- along with interest @18% per
annum. The Plaintiff thus, filed the present suit for recovery of ₹2,84,500/-
along with pendente lite and future interest @18% per annum.
10. The Defendant, in the Written Statement, contended that the
Plaintiff has not disclosed any cause of action, as the averments made in the
Plaint are contrary to the documents on record. It was further contended that
the present litigation has been initiated solely to harass the Defendant.
11. The Defendant also asserted that the Suit has not been properly
valued for the purpose of jurisdiction and court fees. Additionally, it was
alleged that the Plaintiff is a professional money lender, who has played
fraud upon innocent persons including the Defendant, and being unlicensed,
was not entitled to advance loans.
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12. The Defendant asserted that the true and material facts are that the
Defendant is educated only up to Class 2 and is an uneducated person. He
earns his livelihood by selling „chole kulche’ on a rehri at Chawri Bazar,
Delhi. The Defendant had taken a loan in the year 2010, being in need of
money. On the insistence of the Plaintiff, the Defendant issued a blank
signed cheque bearing No. 654606, drawn on SBI, Asaf Ali Branch, New
Delhi; however, he received only a sum of ₹20,000/-.
13. The Defendant further claimed that, being an uneducated and god-
fearing person, he started repaying the said loan amount of ₹20,000/- in
instalments, as agreed between the parties, at the time of advancement of the
loan. It was also asserted that the Plaintiff used to maintain a record of the
amounts received from the Defendant.
14. It was further alleged that on 09.06.2014, the Plaintiff assaulted the
Defendant and demanded a sum of ₹2,00,000/-, despite the Defendant
having protested that only a balance of ₹20,000/- was due. The Defendant
claimed that he was again assaulted at the house of one Mr. Raju (Makhan
Wala), whereupon on the next day, i.e., 10.06.2014, he lodged a Police
Complaint at 09:45 a.m. vide DD No. 24-B.
15. Pursuant thereto, the matter was claimed to have been amicably
resolved between the parties, wherein it was agreed that the Defendant had
to repay only a sum of ₹20,000/-. The Defendant being a god-fearing
person, accepted the proposal and undertook to return the loan amount.
16. The Defendant further asserted that in January, 2015, he sought the
return of his cheque from the Plaintiff, who advised him to visit his
Advocate’s chamber for execution of a cancellation document, upon which
the cheque would be returned. It was in these circumstances that the
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Settlement dated 16.03.2015 came to be executed, which, according to the
Defendant, was fraudulent and involuntary.
17. The matter was thereafter, settled for a sum of ₹1,10,000/-, out of
which ₹60,000/- was paid by him up to 05.10.2015 and the balance
₹50,000/- in November, 2015, in cash. Despite such payment, and repeated
requests made by the Defendant, including a written endorsement on the
reverse of the Loan Agreement, the Plaintiff failed to return the cheque, on
the pretext that it was in the custody of his Advocate for initiating legal
proceedings.
18. The Defendant claimed that he had received only a sum of ₹20,000/-,
but had repaid more than ₹4,00,000/-. The Defendant further contended that
the present suit is false and frivolous and is liable to be dismissed on merits.
All the averments made in the Plaint were denied, and the preliminary
objections raised in the Written Statement, were reiterated.
19. The Plaintiff in his Replication, reaffirmed the averments of the
Plaint and denied those in the Written Statement. It was specifically clarified
that the entries in Annexure A pertained to an earlier loan transaction of
2010-2011 and not to the present loan of 15.09.2013, and that the Settlement
of ₹1,10,000/- in lieu of the loan of ₹3,20,000/- was arrived at through the
intervention of common friends, in view of the Defendant’s representation of
his inability to pay the entire amount.
20. The learned Civil Judge framed the Issues, which are as under: –
(i) Whether the plaintiff is entitled to a decree in the sum of
Rs.2,84,500/- as prayed for? OPP
(ii) Whether the present suit is not maintainable being filed
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(iii) Relief.
21. The Plaintiff examined himself as PW-1 and proved the cheque dated
21.10.2014 for Rs.3,20,000/- as Ex.PW-1/1. The cheque return memo, the
receipt and the Legal Notice, Settlement dated 16.03.2015 were exhibited as
Ex.PW-1/2 to Ex.PW-1/12.
22. PW-2, Mr. Manohar Lal corroborated the testimony of the Plaintiff.
23. The Defendant examined himself as DW-1 and reiterated his defence
as contained in the Written Statement.
24. DW-2, Mr. Raj Kumar Sharma from the State Bank of India,
produced the Statement of Account as Ex. DW-2/1.
25. DW-3, ASI Prabhu Dayal, proved the Police Complaint dated
10.06.2014 as Ex. DW-3/A.
26. The learned Civil Judge, on appreciation of the evidence, concluded
that though the Plaintiff claimed to have granted the loan of Rs. 3,20,000/-
on 15.09.2013, the cheque Ex. PW-1/1 was issued much later, on
21.10.2014. It was observed that if the Plaintiff’s version that the loan was
repayable in a year’s time were to be accepted, the demand for return ought
to have been made around 15.09.2014 and there was no occasion for the
Defendant to issue the cheque only in October, 2014.
27. The learned Civil Judge further took note that the Plaintiff had
admitted, in his cross-examination, that the cheque was given to him on
15.09.2013 itself which, in the view of the learned Civil Judge, contradicted
the Plaintiff’s own pleaded case. The testimony of PW-2, Mr. Manohar Lal,
was also not accepted.
28. The reference was made to the testimony of Defendant, to observe
that there was a doubt about the Plaintiff‟s version of advancement of loan
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on the given date and also of the duly filled blank cheque being given by the
Defendant on the date of advancement of loan, which probabilized that the
version of the Defendant that no loan was ever advanced, was correct and
the blank cheque had been misused by the Plaintiff.
29. Adverting to the Settlement Ex. PW-1/7 dated 16.03.2015, the learned
Civil Judge observed that the said Settlement had been executed in the office
of the Plaintiff’s Advocate, in the presence of PW-2 who had also deposed
in favour of the Plaintiff, but in the absence of any witness on behalf of the
Defendant, which in the view of learned Civil Judge, cast a doubt upon its
voluntariness.
30. The fact that the Plaintiff had agreed to settle for Rs. 1,10,000/-
against an alleged loan of Rs. 3,20,000/-, without any interest, was also held
to be improbable. Clause 4 of the Settlement, providing for revival of the
entire loan amount of Rs. 3,20,000/- upon default of two instalments, was
held to be unconscionable and in the nature of a penalty, and the Settlement
was thus, held not to be voluntary, particularly keeping in view that the
Defendant was an illiterate person who did not know English.
31. It was further observed that the Plaintiff had admittedly received
Rs.50,000/-,but the cheque was not returned by the Plaintiff. The testimony
of the Plaintiff was, therefore, disbelieved and the case of the Plaintiff for
Recovery, was dismissed.
32. The Plaintiff preferred RCA DJ No. 16/19, challenging the dismissal
of his suit. The learned District Judge reappreciated the evidence led by
the parties, and concurred with the findings regarding contradictions in the
Plaintiff‟s case, and found no merit in the appeal, which was accordingly
dismissed.
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33. Aggrieved by the dismissal of the appeal, the present Regular Second
Appeal has been filed.
34. The grounds of challenge are that, under the subsequent Settlement
Agreement, there was an admission of liability by the Defendant, and the
said document was duly signed by both the parties. It is contended that the
Settlement Agreement contained all the terms of the contract and any oral
evidence contrary to its terms, is inadmissible, in support of which reliance
has been placed on Tamil Nadu ElectricityBoard v. N. Raju Reddiar (1996)
4 SCC 551, and Smt. Vidyawati v. Hans Raj AIR 1993 Del 187.
35. The grievance raised is that vital and material issues were neither
framed nor considered by the learned Appellate Court. The learned
Appellate Court was required to examine whether the Settlement Agreement
dated 16.03.2015 was binding on the parties; whether the Plaintiff was
entitled to recover the principal amount of ₹2,60,000/- after adjusting the
sum of ₹60,000/- paid by the Defendant; and whether, after admitting the
Settlement Agreement and making payment of six instalments pursuant
thereto, the Defendant could deny the Agreement and its terms.
36. The Appellant further submitted that the Plaintiff had settled the
matter with the Defendant for a sum of ₹1,10,000/- out of his generosity,
despite having advanced a loan of ₹3,20,000/-. It was argued that the
decision of the learned Appellate Court is not based on proper consideration
of issues and evidence.
37. It was further urged that it was immaterial whether the cheque was
issued on 15.09.2013 or 21.10.2014, when the Defendant had admitted
having issued the cheque to the Appellant in discharge of his loan liability.
The Defendant is stated to have admitted having taken a loan of ₹3,20,000/-
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in the Settlement Agreement dated 16.03.2015 Ex. PW-1/7, and any finding
to the contrary, is erroneous.
38. A prayer is thus, made that the impugned judgment dated 18.12.2018
of the learned Civil Judge and the judgment dated 14.05.2024 of the learned
Appellate Court, affirming the dismissal of the Suit, be set aside and the Suit
of the Plaintiff be decreed.
Submissions heard and the record perused.
39. It is an admitted fact that the Plaintiff and the Defendant were known
to each other since long and the Defendant was also a resident of Sita Ram
Bazar, Delhi, where Plaintiff had also resided for a long time.
40. The case of the Plaintiff was that on account of the marriage of his
son and for construction of his house, the Defendant came under financial
strain and eventually took a loan of ₹3,20,000/- from the Plaintiff on
15.09.2013. The factum of having taken a loan stands fully corroborated
from the admission of the Defendant in the cross-examination that he had
got his son married and constructed the house in the year 2011. His own
admissions reflect that the Defendant was under financial constraint and had
to pay money to others. Consequently, he took a loan of ₹3,20,000/- from
the Plaintiff, in 2013.
41. The second aspect which emerges from the evidence of the parties is
that, admittedly, a cheque dated 21.10.2014 had been given by the
Defendant to the Plaintiff, though he had asserted that it was a blank cheque
given by him; however, it is only a bald assertion and is not corroborated by
any cogent evidence.
42. It is also pertinent to note that the consistent stand of the Defendant
was that he had taken a loan, though he claimed it to be of ₹20,000/-. If the
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loan was of ₹20,000/-, there was no reason or occasion for him to have
issued the cheque dated 21.10.2014, Ex. PW-1/1, for a sum of ₹3,20,000/-.
These documents are admitted by the Defendant, though his oral testimony
is only of simpliciter denial and a vague defence of the loan having been
taken as ₹20,000/-, though the cheque was issued.
43. Pertinently, the Plaintiff had explained that though the loan was taken
in September, 2013 with an assurance that the Defendant would return the
loan amount within a year or so and had also promised to pay interest @18%
p.a., if he failed to discharge his obligation. The Plaintiff had consequently
approached him for return of the loan, whereupon the Defendant issued the
cheque dated 21.10.2014.
44. There is absolutely no contradiction or discrepancy in the testimony
of the Plaintiff, which stands fully corroborated by the corresponding
documents. The observations of the learned Civil Judge, as endorsed by the
learned ADJ, that if the loan was repayable after one year of its
advancement, the demand ought to have been made in March-April 2014,
and that it was not understandable why a person would issue a cheque in
October 2014, does not appear to be well-founded.
45. It has been overlooked that both the Plaintiff and the Defendant were
well known to each other and, apparently, there had been a close association.
As per the testimony of the Plaintiff, he had been approaching the
Defendant, who eventually gave the cheque in October/November 2014. The
loan taken in September, 2013, was to be returned in one year, and therefore,
giving of cheque in October 2014, is reasonable. There is absolutely no
contradiction, as has been observed by the learned Civil Judge and the
learned District Judge.
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46. It is further the deposition of the Plaintiff that the cheque was
presented for encashment on 16.01.2015, but the same was returned vide
Memo Ex. PW-1/2 for the reason “Account Closed” on 19.01.2015. Again,
the cheque, as well as the return memo, establishes the issuance of the
cheque by the Defendant, in discharge of his loan liability. In fact, the
defendant had also not denied issuing the cheque. The findings of the
learned Civil Judge and the learned ADJ are contrary to the documents
proved on record.
47. Further, the Plaintiff had deposed that, when he kept on approaching
the Defendant and the loan amount was not repaid, the parties eventually
entered into a formal Written Settlement dated 16.03.2015, Ex. PW-1/7,
which was got prepared through an Advocate.
48. The Defendant has not denied the execution of the Settlement. It was
recorded in the Settlement that even though the loan taken was of
₹3,20,000/-, the Plaintiff agreed to settle it for ₹1,10,000/-, on the condition
that the same would be repaid in 11 equal consecutive instalments of
₹10,000/- each. It was further agreed that in case there was a default of two
or more instalments, the Plaintiff would become entitled to claim his earlier
loan of ₹3,20,000/-. These are the express terms of the Settlement, which
admittedly bears the signatures of the Defendant. Not only this, the
Defendant duly acted upon this Settlement and admittedly paid six
instalments of ₹10,000/- from 25.03.2015 till 05.10.2015.
49. The Defendant further asserted that the balance amount of ₹50,000/-
had been paid by him in cash, though there is absolutely no proof thereof.
When the first six instalments had been duly endorsed on a paper, there is no
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reason for the alleged payment of ₹50,000/- not being similarly endorsed or
evidenced by any written document.
50. It is established from the testimony of the Defendant himself that he
had paid ₹60,000/- pursuant to the Settlement, Ex. PW-1/7, but again
defaulted in making the balance payment of ₹50,000/- in terms of the
Settlement.
51. Reliance has been placed on M/s Unikol Bottlers Ltd. v. M/s Dhillon
Kool Drinks & anr. 1994 (28) DRJ, wherein, it was observed that where a
plea of coercion, undue influence or unequal bargaining power is taken, the
party must set out full particulars thereof. Bald and vague allegations,
unsupported by material particulars, are of no consequence. It was further
observed that for a valid contract, it is essential that the parties give their
free consent. Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 statutorily
recognises the requirement of free consent for a valid contract. For the
purpose of ascertaining whether the parties exercised free will while
entering into the Settlement, the following factors are required to be looked
into: –
(i) Did the defendant protest before or soon after the
agreement?
(ii) Did the defendant take any steps to avoid the
contract?
(iii) Did the defendant have an alternative course of
action or remedy? If so, did the defendant pursue
or attempt to pursue the same?
(iv) Did the defendant receive benefit of independent
advice?
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52. In the case of M/s Unikol Bottlers Ltd, (supra) it was found that the
Defendant never made any protest before entering into the Agreement or
even thereafter; on the contrary, he affirmed the agreement and proceeded
with its performance. It was thus, concluded that contracts are meant to be
performed and not avoided. Justice requires that parties who have negotiated
at arm‟s length, be held to their bargains, unless it can be shown that their
consent was vitiated by fraud, mistake, or duress.
53. The principles as enumerated in M/s Unikol Bottlers Ltd (supra),
applies squarely to the present case.
54. The plea of the Defendant that he was illiterate and that the Settlement
was involuntary, cannot be countenanced. If the Settlement was truly
coercive, there was no reason for the Defendant to have acted upon it by
paying six consecutive instalments of Rs. 10,000/- each, spread over a
period of nearly seven months, instead of lodging a protest or issuing a
notice to the Plaintiff. The conduct of the Defendant is, therefore, clearly
inconsistent with his stand of coercion and is a complete answer to the plea
of involuntariness.
55. It is also relevant to notice that the Plaintiff served upon the
Defendant a Legal Notice dated 22.12.2015, Ex. PW-1/8, the receipt of
which has been admitted by the Defendant in his cross-examination. The
Defendant has also admitted that despite receiving the said Notice, he did
not send any reply. The failure of the Defendant to reply to the Legal Notice,
when the alleged coercion or the alleged payment of Rs. 50,000/- could
easily have been asserted therein, belies his defence and raises an inference
against him.
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56. On the contrary, the case of the Plaintiff stands duly supported by the
documents on record, including the Cheque, the Return Memo, the
Settlement and the Legal Notice, whereas the defence of the Defendant rests
on bald assertions, unsupported by any document whatsoever.
57. The fundamental principle of law, that the recitals in a written
document take precedence over oral testimony, is no longer res integra. In
V. Anantha Raju v. T.M. Narasimhan, (2021) 17 SCC 165, the Hon’ble
Supreme Court, following its earlier decision in Roop Kumar v. Mohan
Thedani, (2003) 6 SCC 595, reiterated that where a contract is reduced to
writing, Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 bar any oral
evidence seeking to contradict, vary, add to or subtract from the terms of
such writing. Written instruments are entitled to a much higher degree of
credence than oral testimony, for they are presumed to be the final and
deliberate expression of the parties’ intentions and are not to be disturbed by
the “slippery memory” of subsequent oral statements.
58. The Settlement Agreement Ex. PW-1/7 dated 16.03.2015 bears the
admitted signatures of the Defendant and contains the complete terms of the
compromise between the parties, including the loan amount, the settled
amount, the schedule of instalments and the consequence of default. The
attempt of the Defendant to contradict these express terms by oral testimony
of an earlier loan of Rs. 20,000/- is, therefore, impermissible in law.
59. It may thus, be concluded that the fundamental principle of law that
the recitals in a written document take precedence over oral testimony has
been completely overlooked by the learned Civil Judge as well as the
learned District Judge, while upholding the dismissal of the suit of the
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Plaintiff. There is a serious illegality in law committed by both the learned
Civil Judge as well as the learned District Judge.
60. It is, therefore, concluded that since the Defendant had entered into
the Settlement dated 16.03.2015, Ex. PW-1/7, and had partially acted upon
it, and thereafter committed breach, he is bound by the terms of the
Settlement. Clauses 3 and 4 of the Settlement read as under:
“3. That if the first party fails to pay the first
instalment on 25.03.2015, the second party shall be at
liberty to proceed in law court and claim Rs.3,20,000/-
with interest and cost instead of Rs.1,10,000/-.
4. Further it is agreed that in the event of any two
consecutive defaults in payment of instalments, the
second party shall be at liberty to claim Rs.3,20,000/- of
loan amount as per law.”
61. Since the Defendant/Respondent, without any justification, has
committed breach of the terms of the Settlement and has failed to make
further payments after paying six instalments in terms of Clause (4) of the
Settlement, the Plaintiff is entitled to recovery of ₹2,60,000/-.
62. Considering the long duration and the relationship between the
parties, pendente lite and future interest @ 5% p.a. is awarded to be paid till
the realization of the suit amount.
63. The impugned judgment dated 18.12.2018 passed by the learned Civil
Judge and the judgment dated 14.05.2024 passed by the learned Appellate
Court are hereby set aside, and the suit of the Plaintiff is decreed in the sum
of ₹2,60,000/-, along with pendente lite and future interest @ 5% p.a. till the
payment of the decretal amount.
64. Decree Sheet be prepared accordingly.
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65. The Appeal is disposed of accordingly. The pending Applications, if
any, also stand disposed of.
(NEENA BANSAL KRISHNA)
JUDGE
APRIL 25, 2026/RS
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