Union Of India vs Mitesh Uttambhai Patel on 14 July, 2026

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    Gujarat High Court

    Union Of India vs Mitesh Uttambhai Patel on 14 July, 2026

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                                  C/FA/2928/2025                                    JUDGMENT DATED: 14/07/2026
    
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                                    IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
    
                                                   R/FIRST APPEAL NO. 2928 of 2025
    
    
                            FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:
    
    
                            HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE J. C. DOSHI                                  Sd/-
    
                            =====================================================
    
                                         Approved for Reporting             No      Yes
                                                                            No
                            =====================================================
                                                UNION OF INDIA
                                                     Versus
                                           MITESH UTTAMBHAI PATEL
                            =====================================================
                            Appearance:
                            MR HARSHEEL D SHUKLA(6158) for the Appellant(s) No. 1
                            MR RATHIN P RAVAL(5013) for the Defendant(s) No. 1
                            =====================================================
                              CORAM:HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE J. C. DOSHI
    
                                                                Date : 14/07/2026
                                                                   JUDGMENT
    

    1. Heard learned advocate Mr. Harsheel D. Shukla
    appearing for the appellant and learned advocate Mr. Rathin P.
    Raval for the defendant.

    2. The judgment and order in Case
    No.OA(llu)/ADI/607/2025(IJ) dated 01.05.2025 granting the
    compensation of Rs.8,00,000/- with interest at 9% per annum
    from the date of the incident, i.e. 14.02.2024, till realization is

    SPONSORED

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    challenged by way of this appeal under Section 23 of the Railway
    Claims Tribunal Act, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘RCT
    Act’) by the Railway Administration.

    3. The brief facts of the case are that, the incident took
    place on 14.02.2024, whereby Mr. Mitesh Uttambhai Patel, while
    travelling by the Train No.09158 Bharuch – Surat Memu from
    Utran to Surat railway station, on one-way journey ticket, coult
    not sustain the heavy rush on the platform at Utran railway
    station and fell in the gorge of the platform and received the
    injury on the legs, resulting in the amputation above knee
    portion of the left leg and below knee portion of the right leg and
    also sustained the other injuries on the body.

    3.1 Firstly, he was taken to Smimer Hospital, Surat by
    108 Ambulance and then, shifted to INS Hospital, Surat for
    further treatment.

    3.2 It is in this factual background the claimant preferred
    the application under Section 16 of the ‘RCT Act’ seeking
    compensation of Rs.8,00,000/- along with interest.

    3.3 The claim petition was contested by the Railway
    Administration setting up the case of total denial with the
    further contention that the claimant was not a bonafide
    passenger, no rail ticket was found and he suffered injury due to
    self-negligence, and therefore, the incident cannot be termed as
    an ‘untoward incident’. The claimant, who remained grossly
    negligent as he was alighting from the running train and
    attempted to board in another coach at the time of the incident,

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    which led to the incident and for that self-inflicted injury, the
    Railway Administration is not required to pay the compensation.

    3.4 The DRM Report took placed a year later, which
    indicates that the claimant was traveling without ticket from
    Surat to Utran, he had the railway Pass No.G06165895
    permitting him to travel from Amalsad to Surat.

    3.5 The learned Tribunal fixed the issues and then
    permitted the parties to lead the evidence and after analzying the
    evidence on record, pleased to allow the claim petition, referring
    to the very famous judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of
    Union of India v. Rina Devi, reported in 2019 (3) SCC 572.

    3.6 In the aforesaid terms, being aggrieved Railway
    Administration has preferred this appeal.

    4. Learned advocate Mr. Harsheel D. Shukla, in support
    of the present appeal, mainly argued that the claimant travelled
    without ticket from Surat to Utran. However, his railway pass
    was permitting travel from Surat to Amalsad, and therefore, the
    claimant hopelessly failed to prove that he was a bonafide
    passenger and secondly, that he tried to alight from the running
    train at Utran railway station and due to his own/self-
    negligence, which resulted into the accident and thus, the
    claimant is not entitled to get the compensation for his own
    negligence.

    5. Learned advocate Mr. Rathin P. Raval; however,
    supports the impugned judgment and submitted that, it is

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    noticeable that the incident place on 14.02.2024. Claim was filed
    on 13.01.2025 and the DRM Report indicating that claimant was
    traveling from Surat to Utran without ticket was filed on
    31.01.2025 i.e. after filing of the claim petition.

    6. In view of Rule 27 of the Railway Passenger (Manner
    of Investigation of ‘untoward incident’s) Rules, 2003, the DRM
    Report has to be filed within a period of sixty days from the date
    of the incident. Therefore, in the present case, no worthy reliance
    can be placed upon the DRM Report.

    7. The learned Tribunal relied upon the judgment of
    Rina Devi (Supra) to believe that once the victim files the
    affidavit that he was traveling with the ticket, the burden shifted
    upon the Railway Administration to disprove that aspect and
    that merely on plea of negligence as contributing factor does not
    avail any assistance to the Railway Administration.

    8. In view of above, the learned Railway Tribunal
    believed that the incident was untoward incident and claimant is
    entitled to the compensation.

    9. Apt to note that the issue raised in this appeal is
    covered by the judgment and order passed by this Court in First
    Appeal No.2620 of 2024, whereby this Court, after referring to
    the authoritative pronouncement in para nos.7, 8, 9 and 10 held
    as under:

    …”7. This Court in the case of Union of India Through
    General Manager vs. Nikeshkumar Ramjibhai Patel

    passed in First Appeal No.1383 OF 2023 in

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    paragraph 4 held as under:

    …”4. It is a case where Railway Authority could not
    deny that the claimant had two valid railway
    platform tickets and pursuant to which he had
    entered in the Railway Station. The ‘untoward
    incident’ took place when he was alighting from the
    train after setting the luggage of his relatives. The
    case clear as crystal where the claimant can be
    treated as ‘bona fide passenger’ under Section
    124A
    of the Railway Act more particularly reading
    the Explanation whereby in inclusive definition
    ‘passenger’ is defined and in (ii) thereof it is said
    that a person holding a valid platform ticket and
    becomes victim of an ‘untoward incident’, is held to
    be a bona fide passenger. It is nobody’s case that
    claimant did not receive any injury while he was on
    the platform and even cannot deny un-controverted
    ‘untoward incident’.”…

    8. Further, this Court in the case of Union of India
    vs. Gopalbhai Ramjibhai Jambukiya and Anr
    .

    (supra), in paragraphs 6 to 11 held as under:

    6. At the outset, let me refer that it is undisputed
    fact that the deceased was travelling in Okha
    Gorakhpur Express Train bearing No.15046. It is
    again admitted position that she boarded from
    Okha railway station and was to alight at Wakaner
    railway station. It is also admitted fact that the
    accident took place at Wakaner railway station
    when she was alighting from the train and
    sustained crush injuries and later on, died. The
    point of difference between the disputing parties,
    according to claimant that, when deceased was
    alighting from the train, it was about to stop and
    deceased was waiting for the train to stop. She was
    waiting at the door of the train for alighting.

    However, due to jerk or push received from the
    back, she fell and received the injuries, whereas
    according to defendant, when the train was just
    started, she jumped from the train along with one
    male and a minor child.

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    7. The Railway Tribunal assessed the evidence
    firstly on the ground that the deposition of the
    claimant has not been challenged by way of cross-
    examination, and therefore, the contention raised
    by the claimant goes unchallenged. Similar
    situation remains for the affidavit filed by the guard
    for and on behalf of the Railway. The deposition
    made on the affidavit has not been challenged by
    way of cross-examination, but a stark difference,
    which could be noticed from the two affidavits filed
    by the disputing parties that while entering into the
    defence, the guard – Mr. Jagdish Ambaram Parmar
    did not specify that deceased jumped and fell, but
    he used the words “Unknown lady”. The fallacy of
    the statement could be noticed also on the ground
    that, at earlier point of time, the guard – Mr. Jagdish
    Ambaram Parmar has not made any such
    statement either before the Police or such statement
    is not produced on record and secondly, if an
    unknown lady along with a person and a child
    jumped and fell on the Wakaner Railway station,
    then apart from the unknown lady, the two other
    persons must have received the injury, but the
    railway did not lead any evidence to that extent.

    8. As against the aforesaid evidence, the claimant
    came out with the clear case that the lady was
    waiting at the door of the train of Okha Gorakhpur
    Express to alight on Wakaner Railway station,
    whereby due to the jerk and jolt received as train
    was just about to stop along with push from behind,
    she fell on the Wakaner Railway station and her
    legs were amputated and later on, she died.

    9. The evidence led by the claimant having gone
    unchallenged is found worth the trust and it has
    won the confidence of the learned Tribunal.

    10. Apposite to refer the scrutiny of evidence made
    by the learned Tribunal. The relevant observation
    and finding of the learned Tribunal reads as under:-

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    “8. …From the detailed scrutiny of the above
    documents make it evidently clear that the
    accidental fall took place, but Respondent
    attributes negligence to the deceased, though no
    cogent evidence has been filed in support of the
    above mentioned contention of the Respondent. At
    this stage, in response to the alleged negligence
    of the deceased, it is worthwhile to quote the
    judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in
    Jameela v. Union of India, in Civil Appeal No.
    1184 of 2003 decided on 27.8.2010 has observed
    in Para No. 9 as under:-

    ‘The manner in which the accident is sought
    to be reconstructed by the Railway, the
    deceased was standing at the open door of
    the train compartment from where he fell
    down, is called by the Railway itself as
    negligence Now negligence of this kind which
    is not very uncommon on Indian trains is not
    the same thing as mentioned in Clause to the
    proviso of section 124-A. A criminal act
    envisaged under Clause © must have an
    element of malicious intent or mensrea.
    Standing at the open doors of the
    compartment of a running train may be a
    negligent act, even as a rash act, but without
    anything else, it is certainly not a criminal act.
    Thus the case of the Railway must fail even
    after assuming everything in its favour’.

    xxx xxx xxx

    11 Once it is established that the deceased died on
    account of an accidental fall rom the train, the
    incident squarely falls within the definition of
    ‘untoward incident’ u/s 123 (c) (2) of the Railways
    Act
    . Moreover, it is now well settled that Sec. 124-A
    lays down strict liability or no fault liability in case
    of railway accidents and hence, if a case comes
    within the purview of Section 124-A, it is wholly
    irrelevant, as to who was at fault. In the instant
    case, the material placed on record reveals that the
    accident in which the deceased had died is clearly

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    not covered by the proviso to Section 124A and that
    the incident does not occur because of any of the
    reasons mentioned in the clauses (a) to (e) of the
    proviso to Section 124-A.”

    11. Section 123(c) of the ‘the Act of 1989’ defines
    the ‘Untoward accident’ as under:-

    “CHAPTER XIII – LIABILITY OF RAILWAY
    ADMINISTRATION FOR DEATH AND INJURY TO
    PASSENGERS DUE TO ACCIDENTS

    123. Definitions.–In this Chapter, unless the
    context otherwise requires,–

    xxx

    (c) “‘untoward incident'” means–

    (1)(i) the commission of a terrorist act within the
    meaning of sub-section (1) of section (3) of the
    Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act,
    1987
    (28 of 1987); or

    (ii) the making of a violent attack or the commission
    of robbery or dacoity; or

    (iii) the indulging in rioting, shoot-out or arson, by
    any person in or on any train carrying passengers,
    or in a waiting hall, cloak room or reservation or
    booking office or on any platform or in any other
    place within the precincts of a railway station; or

    (2) the accidental falling of any passenger from a
    train carrying passengers.”

    9. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in case of Shrikumar
    Gupta & Anr. vs. Union of India, 2025 Live Law SC
    1115, believed that no person would attempt to de-board
    or alight from running express train and absence of
    evidence prove that the deceased has committed the ‘self-
    inflicted injury’, he cannot be denied to be a ‘bona fide
    passenger’. Relevant paragraphs 9 and 10 reads as
    under:

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    …”9. Having heard the learned counsel appearing
    for the parties and on perusal of the records, it
    would reveal that there was no dispute to the fact
    that the deceased having purchased a valid ticket
    to travel from Satna to Maihar. On the relevant date
    i.e. on 29.05.2013 another express train has also
    entered the platform in which the deceased was
    standing and by mistake obviously having seen the
    train having arrived at the same platform he has
    boarded the train to travel to Maihar. In fact said
    express train also passed through Maihar.
    However, the deceased not being well conversant
    with these details obviously under mistaken notion
    has boarded the express train. The DMR Report
    would also indicate that the deceased had in fact
    purchased a railway ticket and had expired due to
    the injuries sustained in the railway accident. It
    was for this precise reason that both the members
    of the tribunal held in favour of the claimants, by
    arriving at a conclusion that deceased was a bona
    fide passenger. Merely because the deceased had
    boarded a wrong train, it cannot be construed that
    he was not a bona fide passenger so as to absolve
    the railway authorities from contending that
    deceased not being a bona fide passenger.

    10. Insofar as the contention or the plea put
    forward by the railways that deceased had
    sustained injuries on account of his own act,
    though, at first blush looks attractive, we are not
    inclined to accept the same for the simple reason
    that no sane person could have attempted to
    deboard or alight from a running train that too an
    express train. The railway authorities have taken a
    plea in the written statement in paragraph 3 that
    the deceased had jumped off the train, namely, had
    alighted at the station where he intended to alight,
    is a plea without proof. Having raised such a plea,
    it was incumbent upon the railway authorities to
    prove the same. However, the DRM Report is also
    silent on this aspect. For these reasons we are
    unable to accept the contention of learned ASG. The
    two members of the tribunal have rightly held that

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    the railway authorities are required to pay the
    compensation.”…

    10. Moreover, if we go through the different dates on
    record, the DRM report, which has been revealed later by
    the learned trial Court, is filed subsequent to filing of the
    claim petition, which is beyond prescribed time limit.”…

    10. Yet in another judgment passed by this Court in First
    Appeal No.507 of 2024, this Court in para nos.9 and 10 held as
    under:-

    …”9. In Union of India vs. Rina Devi, reported in
    2019 (3) SCC 572, the judgment of Pushpa wd/o.
    Gautam Kamble and others (supra) was discussed.
    In
    case of Pushpa wd/o. Gautam Kamble (supra), a
    hawker died in course of boarding a train. The Bombay
    High Court applied the concept of self-inflicting injury to
    deny the compensation. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in
    the case of Union of India vs. Rina Devi (supra),
    disproved the theory of applying concept of self-inflicting
    injury in para nos.23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 of the
    judgment, which reads as under:

    …”23. In Pushpa v. Union of India, 2017 SCC
    Online Bom 8117, a hawker died in the course of
    boarding a train. It was held that he was not
    entitled to compensation as it was a case of “‘self-
    inflicted injury'”. The relevant observations are:
    (SCC OnLine Bom para 14)

    “14. Such an attempt by a hawker has been viewed
    by the trial court as something amounting to
    criminal negligence on his part and also an effort to
    inflict injuries to himself. The trial court reasoned
    that if the deceased had to sell his goods by
    boarding a train, he should have ensured to do so
    only when it was quite safe for him to get on to the
    train or otherwise he could have avoided catching
    the train and waited for another train to come. It
    also hinted that there was absolutely no compulsion

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    or hurry for the deceased in the present case to
    make an attempt to somehow or the other board the
    train while it was gathering speed.”

    24. In Shyam Narayan v. Union of India, 2017 SCC
    Online Del 8734, same view was taken which is as
    follows:

    (SCC Online Del para 7)

    7. I cannot agree with the arguments urged on
    behalf of the appellant applicants in the facts of the
    present case because there is a difference between
    an ‘untoward incident’ and an act of criminal
    negligence. Whereas negligence will not disentitle
    grant of compensation under the Railways Act,
    however, once the negligence becomes a criminal
    negligence and ‘self-inflicted injury’ then
    compensation cannot be granted. This is specifically
    provided in the first proviso to Section 124-A of the
    Railways Act which provides that compensation
    will not be payable in case the death takes place on
    account of suicide or attempted suicide, ‘self-

    inflicted injury’, bona fide passenger’s own criminal
    act or an act committed by the deceased in the state
    of intoxication or insanity.”

    25. We are unable to uphold the above view as the
    concept of “‘self-inflicted injury'” would require
    intention to inflict such injury and not mere
    negligence of any particular degree. Doing so would
    amount to invoking the principle of contributory
    negligence which cannot be done in the case of
    liability based on “no fault theory”. We may in this
    connection refer to the judgment of this Court in
    United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sunil Kumar
    laying down that plea of negligence of the victim
    cannot be allowed in claim based on “no fault
    theory” under Section 163-A of the Motor Vehicles
    Act, 1988. Accordingly, we hold that death or injury
    in the course of boarding or de-boarding a train will
    be an “‘untoward incident'” entitling a victim to the
    compensation and will not fall under the proviso to

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    Section 124-A merely on the plea of negligence of
    the victim as a contributing factor.

    Re: (iii) Burden of proof when body found on
    railway premises – Definition of passenger

    26. Conflict of decisions has been pointed out on the
    subject. As noticed from the statutory provision,
    compensation is payable for death or injury of a
    “passenger”. In Raj Kumari, referring to the scheme
    of the Railways Act, 1890, it was observed that
    since travelling without ticket was punishable, the
    burden was on the Railway Administration to prove
    that passenger was not a bona fide passenger. The
    Railway Administration has special knowledge
    whether ticket was issued or not. The 1989 Act also
    has similar provisions being Sections 55 and 137.
    This view has led to an inference that any person
    dead or injured found on the railway premises has
    to be presumed to be a bona fide passenger so as to
    maintain a claim for compensation. However, the
    Delhi High Court in Gurcharan Singh25 held that
    initial onus to prove death or injury to a bona fide
    passenger is always on the claimant. However,
    such onus can shift on the Railways if an affidavit
    of relevant facts is filed by the claimant. A negative
    onus cannot be placed on the Railways. Onus to
    prove that the deceased or injured was a bona fide
    passenger can be discharged even in absence of a
    ticket if relevant facts are shown that ticket was
    purchased but it was lost. The Delhi High Court
    observed as follows: (Gurcharan Singh case, SCC
    OnLine Del para 4)

    “4…. (ii) In my opinion, the contention of the learned
    counsel for the appellant claimants is totally
    misconceived. The initial onus in my opinion always
    lies with the appellant claimants to show that there
    is a death due to ‘untoward incident’ of a bona fide
    passenger. Of course, by filing of the affidavit and
    depending on the facts of a particular case that
    initial onus can be a light onus which can shift on
    the Railways, however, it is not the law that even

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    the initial onus of proof which has to be discharged
    is always on the Railways and not on the
    claimants. I cannot agree to this proposition of law
    that the Railways have the onus to prove that a
    deceased was not a bona fide passenger because
    no such negative onus is placed upon the Railways
    either under the Railways Act or the Railway
    Claims Tribunal Act
    and the Rules or as per any
    judgment of the Supreme Court. No doubt, in the
    facts of the particular case, onus can be easily
    discharged such as in a case where the deceased
    may have died at a place where he could not have
    otherwise been unless he was travelling in the train
    and in such circumstances depending on the facts
    of a particular case it may not be necessary to
    prove the factum of the deceased having a ticket
    because ticket as per the type of incident of death
    can easily be lost in an accident. I at this stage take
    note of a judgment of a learned Single Judge of this
    Court in Pyar Singh v. Union of India which holds
    that it is the claimant upon whom the initial onus
    lies to prove his case. I agree to this view and I am
    bound by this judgment and not by the ratio of the
    case of Leelamma.”

    27. In Jetty Naga Lakshmi Parvathi v. Union of
    India, 2011 SCC Online AP 828, the same view was
    taken by a Single Judge of Andhra Pradesh after
    referring to the provisions of the Evidence Act as
    follows: (SCC OnLine AP para 24)

    “24. So, from Section 101 of the Evidence Act, 1872,
    it is clear that the applicants, having come to the
    court asserting some facts, must prove that the
    death of the deceased had taken place in an
    ‘untoward incident’ and that the death occurred
    while the deceased was travelling in a train
    carrying passengers as a passenger with valid
    ticket. Therefore, having asserted that the deceased
    died in an ‘untoward incident’ and he was having a
    valid ticket at the time of his death, the initial
    burden lies on the applicants to establish the same.
    The initial burden of the applicants never shifts

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    unless the respondent admits the assertions made
    by the applicants. Such evidence is lacking in this
    case. Except the oral assertion of AW 1, no evidence
    is forthcoming on behalf of the applicants. The court
    may presume that the evidence which could be, and
    is not produced, would, if produced, be
    unfavourable to the person who withholds it. The
    best evidence rule, which governs the production of
    evidence in courts, requires that the best evidence
    of which the case in its nature is susceptible should
    always be produced. Section 114(g) of the Evidence
    Act, 1872 enables the court to draw an adverse
    presumption against a person who can make
    available to the court, but obstructs the availability
    of such an evidence. The Claims Tribunal, upon
    considering the material on record, rightly
    dismissed the claim of the applicants and there are
    no grounds in this appeal to interfere with the order
    of the Tribunal.”

    28. In Kamrunnissa v. Union of India, (2019) 12
    SCC 391, from the circumstances appearing in that
    case it was held that there was no evidence that
    the deceased had purchased the ticket. In the given
    fact situation of that case, this Court inferred that it
    was not a case of “‘untoward incident'” but a case
    of run over. It was observed:

    “7. The aforestated report also reveals, that the
    body of the deceased had been cut into two pieces,
    and was lying next to the railway track. The report
    further indicates, that the intestine of the deceased
    had come out of the body. The above factual
    position reveals that the body was cut into two
    pieces from the stomach. This can be inferred from
    the facts expressed in the inquest report, that the
    intestines of the deceased had come out of the
    body. It is not possible for us to accept that such an
    accident could have taken place while boarding a
    train.

    8. In addition to the factual position emerging out of
    a perusal of Paras VII and VIII extracted

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    NEUTRAL CITATION

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    undefined

    hereinabove, the report also reveals that besides a
    pocket diary having been found from the person of
    the deceased a few telephone numbers were also
    found, but importantly, the deceased was not in
    possession of any other article. This further clears
    the position adopted by the railway authorities,
    namely, that the deceased Gafoor Sab, was not in
    possession of a ticket, for boarding the train at the
    Devangere Railway Station.”

    29. We thus hold that mere presence of a body on
    the railway premises will not be conclusive to hold
    that injured or deceased was a bona fide passenger
    for which claim for compensation could be
    maintained. However, mere absence of ticket with
    such injured or deceased will not negative the claim
    that he was a bona fide passenger. Initial burden
    will be on the claimant which can be discharged by
    filing an affidavit of the relevant facts and burden
    will then shift on the Railways and the issue can be
    decided on the facts shown or the attending
    circumstances. This will have to be dealt with from
    case to case on the basis of facts found. The legal
    position in this regard will stand explained
    accordingly.”…

    10. In the context of ‘no fault’ liability, the concept of
    ‘self-inflicted injury’ generally does not apply. It is hard
    to believe that deceased has deliberately caused injury
    to cause harm. In the case on hand, Railway
    administration failed to prove that deceased has
    attempted suicide or attempted no cause injury despite
    knowing damage. In a nutshell, the principle of ‘no fault’
    liability fundamentally displaces traditional causation
    requirements, establishing that compensation is
    available irrespective of fault attribution. Thus, most
    jurisdiction sensibly exclude intentional self injury from
    coverage, reserving no-fault prosecution for involuntary
    incidents.”…

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    NEUTRAL CITATION

    C/FA/2928/2025 JUDGMENT DATED: 14/07/2026

    undefined

    11. In view of above, the appeal fails and is accordingly,
    dismissed.

    12. Interim-relief, if any, granted earlier is discontinued.

    13. Remaining amount lying before the learned Railway
    Tribunal deposited by the Railway Administration is directed to
    be disbursed to the claimant.

    Record and Proceedings, if any, to be sent back to the
    concerned Court forthwith.

    Sd/-

    (J.C. DOSHI, J.)
    Raj

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