The State Of Tamil Nadu vs Arulmighu Balasubramniya Swamy Temple on 27 February, 2026

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    Madras High Court

    The State Of Tamil Nadu vs Arulmighu Balasubramniya Swamy Temple on 27 February, 2026

    Author: P.Velmurugan

    Bench: P.Velmurugan, B.Pugalendhi

                                                                                                AS(MD) No.25 of 2022
                           BEFORE THE MADURAI BENCH OF MADRAS HIGH COURT
    
    
                                      Reserved on                                       21.11.2025
                                      Pronounced on                                     27.02.2026
    
                                                                  CORAM
    
                                      THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE P.VELMURUGAN
                                                                      and
                                       THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE B.PUGALENDHI
    
    
                                                      A.S(MD) No.25 of 2022
    
    
                    1. The State of Tamil Nadu
                       The District Collector,
                       Karur District, Karur
    
                    2. The Commissioner,
                      Karur Panchayat Union,
                      Vennamalai,
                      Kathapparai Post,
                      Karur Taluk and District                                  ..Appellants/Defendants
                                    Vs.
                    Arulmighu Balasubramniya Swamy Temple
                    Rep. by its Executive Officer,
                    Karur@ Vennamalai                 : Respondent/Plaintiff
    
    
                    Prayer:-Appeal Suit filed under Section 96 of the Civil Procedure Code
                    to set aside the judgment and decree dated 04.09.2021 passed in O.S. No.
                    17 of 2012 on the file of the District Court,Karur.
    
    
    
    
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                                                                                           AS(MD) No.25 of 2022
                              For Appellants : Mr.A.Baskaran
                                               Additional Advocate General
    
                              For Respondent : Mr.R. Madhavan
    
                                                     JUDGMENT
    

    P.VELMURUGAN, J.,

    This Appeal Suit has been filed to set aside the judgment and

    SPONSORED

    decree, dated 04.09.2021 passed in O.S No.17 of 2012 on the file of the

    District Court, Karur.

    2. The averments contained in the plaint are as follows:

    The suit was originally filed by the plaintiff namely Arulmighu

    Balasubramania Swamy Temple, Vennaimalai, represented by its

    Executive Officer, seeking the relief of a declaration that the suit

    property belongs to the temple and for a consequential direction to the

    defendants to hand over the vacant possession of the suit property after

    removing the existing construction and also to pay mesne profits for the

    occupation of the suit property. Subsequently, by the Proceedings of the

    Commissioner, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment

    Department (hereinafter called as HR & CE Department), an Executive

    Officer was appointed and he was conferred with the power to proceed

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    with the suit. According to the plaintiff, the suit property belongs to the

    plaintiff’s temple. As per the Settlement Register of the year 1912, it

    stands in the name of the plaintiff’s temple in respect of suit S.F.No.

    234/A to an extent of 1.25 Acres, out of 7.13 Acres. U.D.R. register also

    shows the title of the suit property in the name of the plaintiff’s temple.

    The second defendant is said to have trespassed into the suit property 20

    years ago and put up a construction for its office for the purpose of the

    first defendant. There were no land acquisition proceedings initiated

    before taking over the suit property by the defendants. The defendants,

    taking advantage of their position and power, have misused the same

    and encroached the suit property. The plaintiff requested the defendants

    to vacate and hand over the possession, but they are not amenable and

    evasive. As per Section 109 of the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and

    Charitable Endowment Act, there is no limitation for recovery of

    possession and there can be no adverse possession. The plaintiff issued a

    notice to the defendants on 05/03/2011, regarding the illegal

    encroachment, due to which, the revenues available to the plaintiff’s

    temple have been lost. As the defendants are in illegal possession and

    enjoyment of the property, the plaintiff filed the suit for the reliefs as

    stated above.

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    3.The defendants, in their written statement, have inter alia

    stated as follows:-

    The second defendant filed a written statement denying all the

    allegations and averments made in the plaint. The contention of the

    plaintiff that as per 1912 Settlement Register, the suit property belongs

    to the temple is denied and the same will not confer any title to the

    plaintiff; the Settlement Register produced by the plaintiff does not

    disclose that the suit property belongs to the plaintiff temple and it was

    classified as ‘Government poramboke land’ under the control of the first

    defendant herein; the plaintiff has not filed any title document to show

    that it has exclusive title over the suit property; as per the records

    produced by the plaintiff, the suit property is classified only as

    ‘poramboke land’ and no Vinayagar temple is situated in the said suit

    property; since the property is a Government poramboke land, the

    plaintiff cannot make any claim; the allegation of the plaintiff that 20

    years ago, all of a sudden, the second defendant trespassed into the suit

    property and put up the construction for its office, is denied; the suit

    property is a Government poramboke land and it was under the control

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    and custody of the first defendant; the second defendant with the

    concurrence of the Government, has put up the construction of office in

    the suit property and the Hereditary Trustee of the temple and also the

    entire village people are aware of the construction put up in the suit

    property for public purpose, hence there is no necessity to initiate land

    acquisition proceedings to acquire the suit property which is a

    Government poramboke land; even as per the admission of the plaintiff,

    the defendants are in peaceful possession and enjoyment of the property

    for the past 20 years; the suit was originally filed by the Hereditary

    Trustee and he was well aware of the construction put up by the second

    defendant and he had not raised any objection nor obstructed at the time

    of construction, hence the plaintiff is estopped claiming title to the suit

    property; the office constructed in the suit property is used as Panchayat

    Union Office for the larger benefit of the entire villagers; proper court

    fee was not paid and hence, the second defendant prayed for dismissal

    of the suit.

    4.Based on the above pleadings of both parties, the trial Court

    framed the following issues:

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    (a) Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the relief of declaration,

    recovery of possession and mesne profits as claimed?

    (b) Whether the suit property was classified as Government

    poramboke as stated by the defendants?

    (c) Whether the Court fee paid is not correct as alleged?

    (d) To what relief the plaintiff is entitled for?

    5. During trial, in order to substantiate the case, on the side of the

    plaintiff, the Executive Officer of the suit temple was examined as P.W.1

    and 20 documents were marked as Exs.A1 to A20. On the side of the

    defendants, two witnesses were examined as D.W.1 and D.W.2 and two

    documents were marked as Exs.B1 and B2.

    6. Upon completion of the trial and after hearing of the arguments

    advanced on either side, the trial Court decreed the suit, holding that the

    plaintiff is entitled to possession of the suit property as per the rights

    under Rule 13 of the Revenue Standing Order No.26. However, since

    the defendants are wings of the Government Departments and public

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    money was involved in the construction of the buildings for the welfare

    of the public, the trial Court directed the defendants to approach the

    Commissioner of Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable

    Endowment Department and shall enter into a rental or lease agreement

    within a period of three months from the date of receipt of a copy of the

    judgment, failing which the plaintiff is entitled for recovery of

    possession as prayed for.

    7.Aggrieved over the said judgment and decree of the Trial Court,

    the defendants as appellants have filed this appeal suit.

    8.M.R.Baskaran, learned Additional Advocate General appearing

    for the appellants would submit that the suit property is a Government

    poramboke land belongs to the Government and that the first appellant

    was in possession and enjoyment of the same. Even in the settlement

    register, it is mentioned only as ‘Government Poramboke’; The second

    appellant had put up construction in the suit property with the

    concurrence of the Government and once the property has been

    classified and mentioned as Government poramboke in the revenue

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    records, the respondent Temple has no title over the suit property. He

    would further submit that the trial Court failed to consider the oral and

    documentary evidence, which established that in the revenue records,

    the suit property was classified only as ‘Government Poramboke’ and

    hence, the respondent-Temple is not the owner of the suit property and

    it has no right or title over the same. Therefore, the suit itself is not

    maintainable. However, the trial Court without considering the above

    aspects, has erroneously decreed the suit. Thus the impugned judgment

    and decree passed by the trial Court are liable to be set aside and the

    appeal is to be allowed.

    9.The learned counsel for the respondent would submit that

    Ex.A3-copy of Survey and Resettlement Register of Kadhaparai Village

    and Ex.A5-copy of UDR Register categorically mention the suit land as

    “Temple Poramboke” and in Ex.A3, the respondent temple’s name is

    explicitly reflected in the remarks column. Therefore, the contention of

    the appellants that ‘poramboke’ implies only the Government’s

    ownership is factually incorrect and legally un-sustainable. As

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    explained in Sundara Iyengar’s Land Tenures in the Madras Presidency

    (p.83), “Puramboke” merely denotes land from which no revenue was

    assessed; it does not denote government ownership. Historically

    temples, mosques, churches, ponds, channels, kalams, schools and roads

    were classified as “poramboke,” because the sovereign did not levy tax

    on such community/charitable lands. Revenue Standing Order (RSO)

    26, Rule 13 classifies “Temple Poramboke” as distinct from Government

    Puramboke and mandates protection of such lands. GO(Ms)No.3333,

    Revenue Department, dated 25.08.1960 reinforces this protection and

    prohibits alienation or departmental assignment of temple poramboke

    lands. Even if long-standing encroachment is pleaded, Section 109 of

    HR&CE Act exempts temple property from any bar of limitation. Thus,

    the appellants cannot claim title or adverse possession over temple

    lands. Long possession does not create any title against a temple.

    Therefore, the finding of the Trial Court is correct and requires no

    interference of this Court. The trial Court has rightly held that (i) the suit

    property is temple property, (ii) appellants are encroachers, and (iii)

    State has no right over the temple poramboke land. Therefore, the

    appeal deserves to be dismissed with costs.

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    10. Heard both sides and perused the materials available on

    record.

    11. Admittedly, the respondent Temple filed the suit against the

    appellants for declaration, declaring the suit property comprised in

    S.No.234/A, Kathaparai Village as belonged to the respondent Temple

    and for a consequential relief of recovery of possession after removing

    the encroachment. The trial Court decreed the suit, as against which, the

    present appeal has been filed by the Government.

    12.In the amended plaint, the respondent-Temple has clearly

    stated that the suit property is the temple property and the 2nd appellant

    encroached upon the temple property and constructed an office twenty

    years ago and at that time, the temple was under the control of the

    Hereditary Trustee of the suit temple and subsequently, the temple was

    brought under the control of the HR & CE Department and an Executive

    Officer was appointed by the department to look after the affairs of the

    temple. Therefore, the respondent Temple filed the suit for declaration
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    and recovery of possession.

    13.A reading of the plaint shows that the respondent-Temple has

    clearly pleaded that the suit property is the temple property and in

    order to substantiate the same, on the side of the temple, the Executive

    Officer of the temple was examined as PW1. He has clearly spoken

    about the nature of the property and in support of the same, Exs.A3 and

    A5 were marked.

    14.A reading of Exs.A3 and A5 makes it clear that the said land

    has been classified as ‘temple poramboke’. In Ex.A3, the name of the

    respondent’s temple is specifically mentioned in Col.No. 12. Though, in

    Ex.A3 and A5 in the other columns, it is mentioned as ‘Government

    Poramboke’, whereas in the last column, it is only mentioned as ‘temple

    poramboke’, which means that the suit property belongs to respondent

    temple and not the Government. Revenue Standing Order (RSO) 26,

    Rule 13 classified ‘Temple Poramboke’ as distinct from Government

    Poramboke and mandates protection of such lands. G.O.(Ms) No.3333

    Revenue Department, dated 25.08.1960 also reinforced this protection

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    and prohibits alienation or departmental assignment of temple

    poramboke lands.

    15.A combined reading of Exs.A3 and A5, Revenue Standing

    Order (RSO) 26, Rule 13 and also G.O.(Ms) No.3333, Revenue

    Department, dated 25.08.1960 shows that the respondent temple has

    proved its case that the suit property is classified only as ‘temple

    poramboke’.

    16.Now the only issue to be decided in this appeal is as to whether

    the suit property is Government poramboke, which belongs to the

    appellants or the temple poramboke, which belongs to the respondent

    temple.

    17.As already stated, a reading of the plaint averments shows that

    the respondent has clearly stated that the suit property belongs to the

    temple and in order to substantiate the pleadings, on the side of the

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    temple, the Executive Officer of the temple was examined as P.W.1 and

    through him, among other documents, the copy of the survey and

    Resettlement Register of the village of Kathaparai and the copy of the

    UDR register were also marked as Exs.A3 and A5 respectively.

    18.Further, to substantiate his contention, PW1 has also produced

    G.O.(Ms) No.3333, Revenue Department, dated 25.08.1960 and Revenue

    Standing Order 26 Rule 13. Therefore, once it is proved that the suit

    property belongs to the respondent temple, the question of limitation

    would not arise in view of Section 109 of the HR & CE Act. Though

    admittedly the second appellant constructed an office in the suit

    property and the appellants claimed that they are the owners of the

    property asserting right that the suit property is the Government

    poramboke under the control of the first appellant and in the enjoyment

    of the second appellant, the records show that without the knowledge of

    the respondent temple, the appellants made a construction in the

    portion of the suit property. Therefore, the trial Court held that the

    respondent temple is entitled to declaration and recovery of possession

    after removing the construction.

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    19.Once, it is proved that the suit property, which is classified as

    ‘temple poramboke’, as already stated, no limitation is applicable to the

    temple properties, and the doctrine of adverse possession also will not

    apply and therefore, the respondent temple is entitled to recovery of

    possession.

    20.Though the learned Additional Advocate General appearing for

    the appellants vehemently contended that since the suit properties are

    classified as Government poramboke, the temple has no right over the

    same and consequently the temple is not entitled to the relief, either for

    declaration or for recovery of possession and once the appellants denied

    the title of the temple, it is for the temple authorities to establish their

    title. Since the respondent-Temple has proved its case, the Temple is

    entitled for declaration and consequential relief of recovery of

    possession.

    21.A combined reading of G.O.(Ms) No.3333, Revenue

    Department, dated 25.08.1960 and the Revenue Standing Order 26, Rule
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    13 coupled with Exs.A3 and A5 shows that the respondent-Temple has

    proved that the suit property is classified as ‘temple poramboke’

    standing in the name of the temple. Therefore, this Court finds that the

    respondent-Temple has proved the title.

    22. The Government has classified lands into two categories,

    namely, poramboke land and private land. Private land belongs to an

    individual person and the poramboke land belongs to the Government.

    However, for the poramboke, the Government is the owner of the

    property and subsequently, the poramboke has been further classified

    as Government Poramboke, Natham Poramboke, Road Poramboke,

    Water Bodies, Burial Grounds, Threshing Floor, Meikkal Poramboke,

    etc., Even the Government is the owner of all the poramboke lands. The

    land is to be utilized only for that purpose it was classified, for example,

    Maikkal Poramboke has to be used for grazing cattle, Temple

    Poramboke has to be utilized for temple purpose, Natham Poramboke

    has to be used for construction of dwelling houses and the Road

    Poramboke has to be used for laying the road. If it is classified as

    Government Poramboke, the same can be used only for public purpose

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    by the Government. Even though, other classifications are there, the

    Government cannot use that land for any other purposes. In case, if the

    Government wants to utilize the other poramboke lands for public

    purposes, alternative land has to be given for that purpose, however, as

    regards the temple poramboke, deity is the owner of the property. Even

    if the Government was the original owner of the property, subsequently

    the said property was converted as temple poramboke and title was

    passed on to the Temple and the enjoyment is also vested with the

    administration of the Temple authorities, the said property is absolutely

    belonged to the temple. Hence, the contention of the learned Additional

    Advocate General is not acceptable.

    23.The learned counsel appearing for the respondent-Temple, in

    support of their contention, has placed reliance on the following

    judgments:-

    (i) M.Perumal Vs. The District Collector, Kanchipuram and Ors in

    W.P.No.3236 of 2017 and W.M.P.No.3183 of 2017 dated 09.02.2017,

    wherein it is held as follows:

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    “11. Mr.V.B.R.Menon, Advocate, present in Court also pointed
    out the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Subramaniaswamy
    Temple, Ratnagiri v. V.Kanna Gounder (Dead) by LRs
    , reported in 2008
    (3) Supreme 741 = (2009) 3 SCC 306, wherein G.O.Ms.No.3333,
    Revenue dated 25.08.1960 has been referred to in the context of
    classification of the temple poramboke land in the revenue records. The
    judgment recognizes that such a land consists of unassessed waste land
    by the temple and it may also include common passage, water ponds,
    thrashing floor etc. By such classification, the temple obtained full right
    to possession and exercise right to transfer of the lands and such a land
    does not cease to be a poramboke property, over which the Government
    will have control subject only to the rights of the temple. We may
    reproduce paragraphs 4 and 5 as under:-

    4. For the purpose of effectuating the aforementioned purpose, the
    Government of Madras issued GONo.3333 on or about 25.8.1960
    permitting the temple to lease out the said lands for the purpose of
    augmenting its revenues subject of course to the conditions laid down
    therein, which are :

    1. The temple authorities before applying for assignment of the
    porambokes found in excess of the requirements of the temple and worship
    should obtain the consent of the H.R. & C.E. ADMN DEPARTMENT.

    Such lands should be granted for cultivation only if they are cultivable
    and only if they are not cultivable they should be to other uses for the
    benefit of the temple and the land should be used only for the purposes for
    which it is assigned”

    (ii). Papala Narayanaswamy Naidu and Ors.vs. The Secretary of

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    State for India in Council and Ors reported in MANU/TN/0009/1912

    “Turning now to the grant to the plaintiff’s predecessor,

    we find that it is expressly stated to be “on Shrotriem tenure.”

    A Shrotriem is stated in Wilson’s Glossary to be “Lands, or a

    village held at favorable rate, properly an assignment of land

    or revenue to a Brahman learned in the Vedas, but latterly

    applied generally to similar assignments to native servants of

    the Government, Civil or Military, and both Hindus and

    Mahomedans as a reward for past services. A Shrotriem grant

    gives no right over the lands and the grantee cannot interfere

    with the occupants as long as they pay the established rents.”

    The object of the grant was to make a provision for an official

    whose office was no longer necessary. What was regarded was

    the value of the lands as producing an income. This appears

    very clearly from the terms of the Inam title deed, though no

    doubt in the margin the words “beside poramboke” are added.

    These words would indicate a right to poramboke land, such as

    un assessed waste, but it could not include all porambokes,

    since that word includes all kinds of communal property such

    as burying grounds, temple sites, threshing floors and so forth,

    and also public roads (called road poramboke) and rivers

    (called river porambokes). It could never be supposed that

    government in making a grant like Exhibit F. as a reward for

    services rendered included in the grant the property of private
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    persons, or the communal property of the villagers such as

    temples, threshing floors, cattle-stands, burying grounds or

    the like, or public roads, simply because they are included in

    the area of the village as shown in the village and survey

    accounts, and are not in terms excepted from the grant. Nor do

    we think that there is any reason to hold that the Government

    intended to convey or did in fact convey to the grantee any

    rights in the bed of the river, because for administrative and

    survey purposes a part of it was included in the village.

    (iii). PL. Murugappan vs. The State of Tamil Nadu, rep. by the

    District Collector, District Collector’s Officer, Sivagangai and others in

    SA(MD) No.443 of 2017

    As far as limitation is concerned, for any encroachment of temple land

    there cannot be any limitation. Since the Hon’ble Division Bench of this Court in

    Suo Moto W.P.No.574 of 2015 had directed for recovery of all temple lands and

    directed the HR and CE Department to recover the temple lands and there

    cannot be limitation for any encroachers. In the present case, even though the

    temple authorities are aware of the construction, the temple authorities have

    submitted objections, but the objections of the temple were not considered by the

    defendants. Therefore, this Court is of the considered opinion limitation will not

    arise.

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    (iv) M/s.Arulmighu Thiru Neelakanda Nayanar Mayandi

    Swamigal Trust .vs. The District Collector/Chairman, Local Planning

    Authority, Pudukottai District, Pudukottai in WP(MD) No.6966 of 2023

    9.In N.S.Kuppuswamy Odayar v. The Panchayat Narthangudi (1971) 1

    MLJ 190, it was held that the mere fact that in the re-settlement register, a

    particular piece of land has been described as ‘Poramboke’ will not by itself

    establish title of the government to the land in question. S.Sundararaja

    Iyengar in his classic work Land Tenures in the Madras Presidency writes

    as follows :

    The whole area of a Tamil village is divided into (1) warapat, (2)

    tirwapat, (3) tarisu, and (4) poramboke. Warapat are the cultivable lands

    which give waram or share of the produce, generally nanja or wet lands;

    tirwapat, lands which pay a tirwa or money tax, generally punjas or cultivated

    wastes, and gardens; tarisu, waste divided into two classes, sheykal carambo

    i.e., cultivable waste and anadi carambo i.e. immemorial waste; and

    poramboke, lands incapable of cultivation consisting of rocks, public roads,

    beds of rivers, tanks and watercourses, burning grounds, the paracheri or

    suburbs of the village occupied by the huts of pariahs and other outcastes, the

    lands on which the different temples stand and the site of the village itself

    called nuttum.

    A learned Judge of this Court in the judgment reported in (2006) 3

    MLJ 216 (Muthammal v. State of Tamil Nadu) had noted that patta was issued

    only for assessed lands and that is why, even Natham was called as

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    ‘poramboke’. Puram means outside . Poke means revenue record .

    Poramboke lands means the lands which were not assessed in the revenue

    records and which were outside the revenue accounts. It only means that

    property which fell outside the tax assessment net was referred to as

    poramboke .

    10.The foregoing discussion is sufficient to conclude that the

    classification of the land as poramboke will not make any difference or take

    away the rights of the temple. There is yet another way of approaching the

    issue. In England, all land was deemed to vest in the Crown. The position in

    India was however the opposite. S.Sundararaja Iyengar in his work says thus :

    both under Hindu and Mahomedan laws land was not vested in the

    king and that the proprietor had an absolute ownership and dominion therein,

    subject to the payment of a share of the produce which was, however, liable to

    variation at the will of the sovereign .

    Possession has always been held to be prima facie evidence of

    ownership and called as nine points in law [Shanti Kumar Panda v.

    Shakuntala Devi (2004) 1 SCC 438]. The revenue records produced by the

    respondents themselves show that the land has been in possession of the

    temple for several decades. The State itself has recognized the possession of

    the temple. A simple conclusion from the aforementioned precedents

    (Subramania Swamy Temple, Rathnagiri v. Kanna Gounder (dead) by LRs and

    S.Sridhar v. State of Tamil Nadu) is that mentioning of the temple in column 12

    actually means that the land should be called as temple poramboke. Once a

    land is classified as temple poramboke, the consequence is that it has to be
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    AS(MD) No.25 of 2022
    used only for the benefit of the temple. Yet another approach is that when the

    temple has been in settled possession of the lands in question beyond the

    limitation period, even assuming that the government had right originally, it

    would stand extinguished. In this case, we have to come to such a conclusion

    in view of the entries not only in the Town Survey Register but also in the Re-

    settlement register as well as the A Register

    24.Therefore, on a combined reading of the pleadings, oral and

    documentary evidence, decisions referred to above and also the Law

    laid down by the Hon’ble Apex Court in the subject matter, this Court

    finds that in Exs.A3 and A5, the suit property has been specifically

    mentioned only ‘temple poramboke’ and therefore, the respondent-

    Temple is the owner of the property and they are entitled to get the

    relief as prayed for. The trial Court also has rightly granted relief as

    sought for by the respondent-Temple with certain conditions.

    25.For all the reasons stated above, this Court finds no merit in the

    appeal suit and the same is liable to be dismissed.

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    26.In the result, the Appeal Suit is dismissed, confirming the

    impugned judgment and decree of the trial Court passed in O.S. No.17

    of 2012. No costs

    (P.V.,J.) (B.P.J.,)

    27.02.2026

    Index : Yes/No.
    Internet : Yes/No.

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    To

    The District Court,Karur

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    AS(MD) No.25 of 2022

    P.VELMURUGAN,J.

    and

    B.PUGALENDHI,J.

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    A.S(MD) No.25 of 2022

    27.02.2026

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