Rajasthan High Court – Jaipur
Prashant Bansal Son Of Shri Shiv Dayal … vs State Of Rajasthan on 15 May, 2026
[2026:RJ-JP:19836]
HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE FOR RAJASTHAN
BENCH AT JAIPUR
S.B. Criminal Miscellaneous (Petition) No. 7460/2022
1. Prashant Bansal Son Of Shri Shiv Dayal Gupta, Resident
Of 65 Shiva Colony, Tonk Phatak, Jaipur.
2. Surendra Kumar Bansal Son Of Shri Prem Chand Bansal,
Resident Of 47 Shripuram Colony, Gurjar Ki Thadi, Jaipur.
----Petitioners
Versus
1. State Of Rajasthan, Through P.p.
2. Kavita Pareek Wife Of Shri Radhakrishan Pareek, Aged
About 46 Years, Resident Of 5-D-12, Second Floor,
Government Multi Story Building, Gandhi Nagar, Jaipur
(Rajasthan).
----Respondents
Connected With
S.B. Criminal Miscellaneous (Petition) No. 7256/2023
Kavita Pareek W/o Radhakrishan Pareek, Aged About 51 Years,
Resident Of 5-D-12, Second Floor, Multistory Flats, Gandhi
Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
—-Petitioner
Versus
State Of Rajasthan, Through P.p.
----Respondent
For Petitioner(s) : Mr. Dinesh Kumar Garg
Mr. Ghanshyam Das Bansal
For Respondent(s) : Mr. Vijay Singh Yadav PP
Ms. Chhaya Sharma for
Mr. T.P. Singh Parmar
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE CHANDRA PRAKASH SHRIMALI
Order
1. Arguments Concluded On: 30/04/2026
2. Judgment Reserved On: 30/04/2026
3. Full Judgment/Operative Part Pronounced: Full Judgment
4. Pronounced On: 15.05.2026
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (2 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
,dyihB fofo/k vkijkf/kd ;kfpdk la[;k 7460@2022 o ,dyihB
vkijkf/kd fofo/k ;kfpdk la[;k 7256@2023 ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr gksus
vkSj muesa leku i{kdkj gksus ds dkj.k ls nksuksa ;kfpdkvksa dks ,d lkFk
bl vkns’k esa fu.khZr fd;k tkuk U;k;laxr mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA
vkijkf/kd fofo/k ;kfpdk la[;k 7460@2022 esa ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k
us izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd }kjk ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) ntZ
izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj flVh]
iwoZ dks ;kfpdk esa vafdr vk/kkjksa ij vikLr djus gsrq izLrqr dh gSA
;kfpdk la[;k 7256@2023 ;kph@ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd }kjk
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) ntZ izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019
iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj ftyk t;iqj flVh ¼iwoZ½ us fof/kuqlkj Lora= o
fu”i{k vuqla/kku djus ds fy, lhch&lhvkbZMh ds }kjk fd, tkus gsrq
;kfpdk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA
;kfpdk la[;k 7460@2022 ds ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k iz’kkar caly
vkSj lqjsUnz dqekj caly ds fo}ku vfHkHkk”kd dk cgl ds nkSjku ;g rdZ
jgk gS fd izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd us ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds
fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj]
flVh] iwoZ esa ntZ djkbZ Fkh] ftlesas izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 us
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds lkFk vU; O;fDr;ksa dks vkjksfir djrs gq, bl
vk’k; dh fjiksVZ ntZ djkbZ fd ifjokfn;k vfHk;qDr la[;k 1 dks vius
iqjkus ?kj dk iM+kslh gksus ds ukrs fiNys 15 o”kZ ls tkurh gSA vfHk;qDrx.k
ifjokfn;k ds xka/khuxj fLFkr irs ij mlds ifr dks C;kt ij fn;s #i;s
okfil ysus ds] ifjokfn;k o mlds ifr ds ikl #i;ksa dh O;oLFkk ugha
gksus ds dkj.k ls rFkk ifjokfn;k ds ljdkjh deZpkjh gksus ds dkj.k ls
vfHk;qDr la[;k 2 us ifjokfn;k ls 2 pSd dze’k% 992283] 992284 o jde
dze’k% 10]00]000@&#i, vkSj 100 #i, ds flD;ksfjVh isVs izkIr fd, vkSj
ifjokfn;k ds IykWV la[;k 44 ‘;ke fogkj dkWyksuh ‘;ksiqj] gYnh?kkVh ekxZ]
izrkiuxj] t;iqj dks 10]00]000@&#i, dh lkbZ isVs fodz; djokus
dh ,d fy[kkoV nh vkSj ifjokfn;k ls [kkyh LVkai ij vfHk;qDrx.k us
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (3 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
gLrk{kj djok fy, vkSj mlds ifr ls Hkh 10&12 fjDr pSd ij rFkk [kkyh
LVkai o ikbZ isij ij gLrk{kj djok fy,A uksVcanh ds ckn #i, ugha gksus
ds dkj.k ls tc ifjokfn;k ds ifr }kjk #i, ykSVk, ugha x, rks
vfHk;qDrx.k us ifjokfn;k }kjk fn;k x;k 10]00]000@&#i, dk pSd
dzekafdr 992283 dks vius cSad esa yxkdj vuknfjr djok fy;k vkSj pSd
vuknj.k dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh vkSj ekg] tqykbZ] 2018 esa vfHk;qDrx.k
us ifjokfn;k ds ?kj dk rkyk rksM+dj dCtk dj fy;k vkSj QthZ nLrkostksa
ds vk/kkj ij izrkiuxj fLFkr IykWV ij fctyh foHkkx ds deZpkfj;ksa ls
feyhHkxr djds Lo;a ds uke ls fctyh dk dusD’ku ys fy;k vkSj
vfHk;qDrx.k us ifjokfn;k ds f[kykQ ekuljksoj Fkkus esa IykWV dh jftLVªh
muds uke ugha djkus dh >wBh ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- Hkh fy[kok nhA tcfd
ifjokfn;k us vfHk;qDrx.k ds lkFk mDr IykWV dks cspus dk dksbZ bdjkj
ugha fd;k] u gh dksbZ LVkai dz; fd;k] bR;kfn fjiksVZ ij iqfyl }kjk /kkjk
420] 406] 467] 468] 380 ,oa 120ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa vUos”k.k dj
vafre fjiksVZ la[;k 83@2019 vne odw flfoy uspj esa izLrqr dhA
rRi’pkr vij flfoy U;k;k/kh’k ,oa egkuxj eftLVªsV dze la[;k 2
t;iqj] egkuxj ds vkns’k fnukad 18-02-2020 ls iqu% iqfyl us vuqla/kku
dj vafre fjiksVZ U;k;ky; esa izLrqr dhA iqfyl us ;g ekuk fd ifjokfn;k
us oknxzLr IykWV ds laca/k esa bdjkjukek ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k ds i{k esa
fu”ikfnr fd;k gS rFkk ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k dk bdjkukek] jlhn o vU;
dksbZ nLrkost QthZ ugha crk;k gSA vUos”k.k ds nkSjku fooknjfgr nLrkostksa
dks fookfnr gLrk{kjksa ls ,Q,l,y ijh{k.k gsrq fHktok;k x;kA fof/k foKku
iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh ifjokfn;k }kjk nLrkost vkSj jlhn fu”ikfnr
fd;k tkuk crk;k x;k gSA ftl ij vuqla/kku dj Fkkukf/kdkjh iqfyl Fkkuk
izrki uxj iwoZ us iqu% vafre fjiksVZ la[;k 67@2024 vne odw vne >wB
¼frrEck½ esa izLrqr dhA
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo}ku vfHkHkk”kd dk ;g Hkh rdZ jgk gS
fd oLrqr% izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd }kjk vkijkf/kd d`R; fd;k x;k
gS vkSj mlds }kjk oknxzLr IykWV dk bdjkjukek fu”ikfnr djus ij
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (4 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
15]50]000@& #i, oknxzLr IykWV dh cspku jkf’k ds :i esa ysus ij rFkk
IykWV dk vkf/kiR; ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k dks nsus ij Hkh mlds }kjk fodz;
i= fu”ikfnr ugha djk x;kA izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd us fodz; i=
fu”ikfnr djus esa csbZekuh djhA laiw.kZ izfrQy jkf’k izkIr djus ds
ckotwn ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds i{k esa jftLVªh ugha djus ds dkj.k vkSj
jftLVªh dk lkjk [kpkZ ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds }kjk ogu djus ds fy,
rS;kj o rRij jgus ds ckotwn ifjokfn;k la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd us
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k ds i{k esa oknxzLr IykWV dh jftLVªh ugha djkbZ] ftl
ij ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd ds
fo#) izFke lwpuk la[;k 671@2018 iqfyl Fkkuk ekuljksoj esa izLrqr dhA
izR;FkhZ la[;k 2@ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd }kjk oknxzLr IykWV dh
jftLVªh ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k ds i{k esa ugha djkus ij
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k us izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd ds fo#) fo}ku
vij ftyk U;k;k/kh’k dze la[;k 19 t;iqj egkuxj] t;iqj ds le{k
fof’k”V vuqikyuk bdjkjukek fnukad 07-10-2015 o LFkk;h fu”ks/kkKk dk
okn izLrqr fd;k Fkk] tks orZeku esa U;k;ky; ds le{k yafcr gSA
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us ;g okn fnukad 26-02-2019 dks izLrqr fd;k vkSj
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk okn izLrqr fd, tkus ds i’pkr lksp&le>dj
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ij ncko cukus ds fy, dk;Zokgh dh tk jgh gSA
;kphx.k ds }kjk okn izLrqr djus ds i’pkr izR;FkhZ la[;k 2@ifjokfn;k
}kjk ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) fnukad 28-02-2019 dks ;g izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019 >wBh ntZ djkbZ xbZ gS] ftlesa iqfyl us Hkh
vafre fjiksVZ esa izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 }kjk ;kphx.k ds fo#) >wBh fjiksVZ ntZ
fd;k tkuk ekuk gSA fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh ;g lkeus
vk;k gS fd izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 dfork ikfjd us oknxzLr IykWV fodz; djus ds
laca/k esa bdjkjukek vkSj jlhn vkSj vU; nLrkost ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k
ds i{k esa fu”ikfnr fd, Fks rFkk ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us dksbZ QthZ
bdjkukek vkSj LVkai fu”ikfnr ugha fd;k gSA izR;FkhZ la[;k 2 ifjokfn;k us
flfoy izdj.k dks vkijkf/kd jax nsus ds fy, fcuk fdlh U;k;laxr mfpr
vk/kkj ds izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) ntZ djk nh
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (5 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
gS ftlesa 2 ckj iqfyl us vuqla/kku fd;k gS rFkk nksuksa ckj iqfyl us vafre
fjiksVZ izLrqr dhA vr% ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ
la[;k 240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj flVh ¼iwoZ½ rFkk mlls
mn~Hkwr vU; vkijkf/kd dk;Zokgh dks tkjh j[kuk] U;k; ds mn~ns’; dks
foQy djus vkSj U;k; dh izfdz;k dk nq#i;ksx djus ds leku gSA bl
laca/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj ekuuh; jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky;
us Hkh dbZ fofu’p;ksa esa ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd tgka nksuksa i{kksa esa
flfoy izd`fr dk ekeyk yafcr gks vkSj flfoy izd`fr ds ekeys dks
vkijkf/kd jax fn;k x;k gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa /kkjk 482 naM izfdz;k lafgrk
ds varxZr varfuZfgr ‘kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, U;k;ky; ds }kjk izFke
lwpuk fjiksVZ vkSj mlls mn~Hkwr vkijkf/kd dk;Zokgh dks vikLr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo}ku vfHkHkk”kd dk cgl ds nkSjku ;g
Hkh rdZ jgk gS fd iqfyl us ;kphx.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa nks
ckj vuqla/kku fd;k gS vkSj nksuksa ckj vuqla/kku esa iqfyl us
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; fd, tkus ds rF;
ugha ik, gSaA fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; fd;k tkuk ugha crk;k
x;k gS ,slh fLFkfr esa ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) Lora= vkSj fu”i{k
vuqla/kku djus ds fy, izR;FkhZ la[;k 2@ifjokfn;k }kjk tks ;kfpdk
izLrqr dh xbZ gS mDr ;kfpdk dks vLohdkj dj [kkfjt fd;k tkos
rFkk ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk izLrqr ;kfpdk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkdj
muds fo#) ntZ izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ vkSj mlls mn~Hkwr dk;Zokgh dks fujLr
fd;k tkosA
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo}ku vfHkHkk”kd us vius rdksZa ds leFkZu
esa fuEu fofu’p; izLrqr fd, gSa%&
1: “Sarabjit Kaur Vs State of Punjab & Anr.” Criminal Appeal
No. 581 of 2023 order dated: 01.03.2023
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (6 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
2: “Usha Chakraborty & Anr. Vs State of West Bengal &
Anr.” SLP (Crl.) 5866 of 2022 order dated: 30.01.2023
3: “Mahmood Ali & Ors. Vs State of U.P. & Ors.” SLP (Crl.)
12459 of 2022 order dated: 08.08.2023
4: “Pradeep Kumar & Ors. Vs State of Rajasthan & Ors.” S.B
Criminal Miscellaneous (Petition) No. 1635/2022 order dated:
18.05.2022
5: “Narendra Kumar Vs State of Rajasthan & Ors.” S.B.
Criminal Writ Petition No. 262/2019 Order dated: 02.08.2022
6: “R. Nagender Yadav Vs The State of Telangana” SLP (Crl)
No. 004629-/2021 Order dated: 15.12.2022
;kfpdk la[;k 7256@2023 dh ;kph@ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd ds
fo}ku vfHkHkk”kd dk cgl ds nkSjku ;g rdZ jgk gS fd vfHk;qDrx.k us
;kph@ifjokfn;k ds ifr dks C;kt ij #i, m/kkj fn, Fks vkSj dksfoM dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa C;kt ij #i, fn, tkus esa vleFkZrk gksus ds dkj.k ls
vfHk;qDrx.k us QthZ bdjkjukek rS;kj dj fy;k [kkyh LVkai ij vkSj pSd
ij ifjokfn;k vkSj mlds ifr ds gLrk{kj djok fy,A iqfyl us
vfHk;qDrx.k ls feydj mlds }kjk ntZ izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k
240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj] flVh iwoZ esa vafre fjiksVZ izLrqr
dj nhA ifjokfn;k us bl laca/k esa fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; esa izkFkZuk i=
izLrqr fd;k] ftl ij fo}ku vij flfoy U;k;k/kh’k dze la[;k 30 t;iqj
egkuxj us fnukad 18-02-2020 dks vkns’k ikfjr dj Fkkukf/kdkjh iqfyl
Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj dks izdj.k esa vfxze vuqla/kku dj viuh fjiksVZ
U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd, tkus gsrq vknsf’kr fd;k] mlds ckotwn iqfyl }kjk
dksbZ vulqa/kku ugha fd;k x;k] ftl ij ;kph@ifjokfn;k }kjk fo}ku
fopkj.k U;k;ky; ls fuosnu fd;k x;k vkSj l{ke U;k;ky; ds le{k
Fkkukf/kdkjh o vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh ds fo#) voekuuk ;kfpdk izLrqr dh
rFkk /kkjk 210 naM izfdz;k lafgrk ds varxZr izkFkZuk i= Hkh izLrqr fd;kA(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (7 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]U;k;ky; us dbZ ckj iqfyl ls fjiksVZ Hkh eaxokbZ] ysfdu iqfyl }kjk dksbZ
dk;Zokgh ugha dh xbZA iqfyl vfHk;qDrx.k ls feydj u rks dksbZ dk;Zokgh
dj jgh gS vkSj u gh fu”i{k vkSj Lora= vuqla/kku ugha dj jgh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ dks lhch&lhvkbZMh esa Lora= vkSj fu”i{k
vuqla/kku ds fy, varfjr fd;k tkos rFkk vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) vkjksfir
vijk/k izFken`”V~;k cuuk ik, tkus ds dkj.k ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds
}kjk izLrqr ;kfpdk varxZr /kkjk 482 naM izfdz;k lafgrk vLohdkj dj
[kkfjt dh tkosA
nksuksa ;kfpdkvksa ij mHk;i{kksa dks lquk x;k rFkk i=koyh dk
voyksdu fd;k x;kA;kph@ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd ds }kjk ;kfpdk la[;k 7460@2022
esa vafdr ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDr.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k
240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj t;iqj flVh] iwoZ esa ntZ djkbZ xbZ gSA
mDr izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ ij iqfyl us vuqla/kku dj ;g ik;k fd oknxzLr
IykWV ds fodz; dk bdjkjukek ifjokfn;k Jherh dfork ikfjd us fnukad
07-10-2015 dks vfHk;qDrx.k ds i{k esa fu”ikfnr fd;k FkkA bdjkjukek
fnukad 07-10-2015 esa vafdr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij bdjkukes esa vafdr IykWV
dk 15 yk[k 50 gtkj #i, esa ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd us vfHk;qDrx.k dks
fodz; dj laiw.kZ izfrQy jkf’k izkIr dj yh vkSj dCtk vfHk;qDrx.k dks ns
fn;k vkSj vfHk;qDr.k }kjk pkgs tkus ij iathd`r fodz; i= fu”ikfnr djus
ls budkj dj fn;kA mDr bdjkjukek fnukad 07-10-2015 dks mlds lkFk
jlhn fnukad 08-10-2015] iqfyl us fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk esa ijh{k.k ds
fy, HkstkA ftl ij fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ esa ;g rF; vk;k
fd bdjkjukek vkSj jlhn ij ifjokfn;k ds gLrk{kj gSa vkSj mDr
bdjkjukek vkSj jlhn dwVjfpr ugha gSaA mDr bdjkjukek ds uksVsjh ifCyd
Jh ?ku’;ke flag ds Hkh iqfyl us c;ku fy,A ftlesa nksuksa i{kksa dk mlds
le{k mifLFkr gksus vkSj nksuksa i{kksa dh QksVks yxh gksuk] uksVsjh ifCyd dh(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (8 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]lhy eksgj yxk gksuk Hkh ik;k vkSj ;g ik;k fd bdjkjukek fnukad
07-07-2015 vfHk;qDrx.k ds i{k esa fu”ikfnr gksus vkSj mudk dCtk gksus ds
vk/kkj ij vfHk;qDrx.k us fo|qr dusD’ku izkIr fd;k gS vkSj muds }kjk
dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; ugha fd;k x;k gSA fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ
esa Hkh nLrkost dwVjfpr gksuk ugha ik;k x;kA ml ij iqfyl us vafre
fjiksVZ la[;k 83@2019 vne odw flfoy uspj esa izLrqr dhA rRi’pkr
fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds vkns’k ls izdj.k iqu% vuqla/kku ds fy,
vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh dks Hkstk x;kA fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds vkns’k ls
iqfyl us iqu% izdj.k esa vuqla/kku fd;k vkSj vafre fjiksVZ la[;k 67@2024
vne odw vne >wB frrEck esa ikbZ xbZ vkSj ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk
dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; fd;k tkuk ugha ik;k x;kA ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us
ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd ds fo#) ,d izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k
671@2018 iqfyl Fkkuk ekuljksoj t;iqj flVh] nf{k.k esa izLrqr dh] mlesa
Hkh iqfyl us vafre fjiksVZ la[;k 372@2018 vne odw flfoy uspj esa
izLrqr dh gSA ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk fo}ku vij ftyk U;k;ky; dze
la[;k 19 t;iqj egkuxj] t;iqj esa izLrqr okn ckcr fof’k”V vuqikyuk
bdjkjukek fnukad 07-10-2015 o LFkk;h fu”ks/kkKk dk okn izLrqr fd;k x;k
rFkk mDr okn fnukad 26-02-2019 dks fo}ku vfrfjDr ftyk U;k;ky; esa
lafLFkr fd;k x;kA mDr okn U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr gksus ds i’pkr
ifjokfn;k us izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019 iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj
t;iqj flVh] iwoZ esa ntZ djkbZ gSA vuqla/kku ds nkSjku tqVkbZ xbZ lk{;]
lk{khx.k ds /kkjk 161 naM izfdz;k lafgrk ds c;ku] fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk
dh fjiksVZ] bdjkjukek vkSj jlhn vkSj leLr nLrkost ds voyksdu ls ;g
Li”V ugha gksrk gS fd ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us ifjokfn;k ds IykWV la[;k
44 ‘;ke fogkj dkWyksuh] ‘;ksiqj] gYnh?kkVh ekxZ izrkiuxj dk >wBk uqekb’kh
QthZ bdjkjukek rS;kj dj ifjokfn;k ds IykWV dks gM+idj mDr IykWV esa
j[ks lkeku dks pksjh dj ifjokfn;k dks lnks”k gkfu ;k Loa; dks lnks”k ykHk
igqapk;k gksA ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (9 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]240@2019 esa vafdr Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 420] 406] 467] 468]
380 vkSj 120ch dk vijk/k izFke n`”V~;k cuuk ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
bdjkjukek fnukad 07-10-2015 ds fofufnZ”V vuqikyuk vkSj fu”ks/kkKk dk
okn ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us ifjokfn;k ds fo#) izLrqr dj j[kk gS] tks
l{ke U;k;ky; ds le{k fopkjk/khu gSA nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; flfoy izd`fr
dk fookn gS] tks l{ke U;k;ky; esa yafcr gksus ds dkj.k ls
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ] mls vkijkf/kd jax
nsus ds mn~ns’; ls izLrqr dh xbZ gSA
bl çdj.k ls lEcafèkr fofu’p;ksa ds lqlaxr Hkkx dks ;gk¡ m)`r
djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gSA
ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “Sarabjit Kaur
Vs State of Punjab & Anr.” Criminal Appeal No. 581 of 2023order dated: 01.03.2023 ds iSjk Øekad 12 o 13 dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr
djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“12. There is nothing on record to suggest that any notice was
issued by the respondent No.2 or the vendee to the appellant to
get the sale deed registered just either before expiry of the last
date fixed for executed of sale deed or immediately thereafter.
No civil proceedings were also initiate rather the respondent
No.2 proceeded only by filing complaints with the police two of
which were earlier filed. Had there been any civil proceedings
initiated, the question of readiness and willingness of the vendee
is also an aspect to be examined by the Court. 13. A breach of
contract does not give rise to criminal prosecution for cheating
unless fraudulent or dishonest intention is shown right at the
beginning of the transaction. Merely on the allegation of failure
to keep up promise will not be enough to initiate criminal
proceedings. From the facts available on record, it is evident
that the respondent No.2 had improved his case ever since the
first complaint was filed in which there were no allegations
against the appellant rather it was only against the property
dealers which was in subsequent complaints that the name of the
appellant was mentioned. On the first complaint, the only
request was for return of the amount paid by the respondent
No.2. When the offence was made out on the basis of the first
complaint, the second complaint was filed with improved version
making allegations against the appellant as well which was not
there in the earlier complaint. The entire idea seems to be to
convert a civil dispute into criminal and put pressure on the
appellant for return of the amount allegedly paid. The criminal
Courts are not meant to be used for settling scores or pressurise
parties to settle civil disputes. Wherever ingredients of criminal(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (10 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]offences are made out, criminal courts have to take cognizance.
The complaint in question on the basis of which F.I.R. was
registered was filed nearly three years after the last date fixed
for registration of the sale deed. Allowing the proceedings to
continue would be an abuse of process of the Court”.
blh Øe esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “Usha
Chakraborty & Anr. Vs State of West Bengal & Anr.” SLP
(Crl.) 5866 of 2022 order dated: 30.01.2023 ds iSjk Øekad 10 o 11
dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“10. By non-disclosure the respondent has, in troth, concealed
the existence of a pending civil suit between him and the
appellants herein before a competent civil court which obviously
is the causative incident for the respondent’s allegation of
perpetration of the aforesaid offences against the appellants. We
will deal with it further and also its impact a little later. There
cannot be any doubt with respect to the position that in order to
cause registration of an F.I.R. and consequential investigation
based on the same the petition filed under Section 156(3),
Cr.P.C., must satisfy the essential ingredients to attract the
alleged offences. In other words, if such allegations in the
petition are vague and are not specific with respect to the alleged
offences it cannot lead to an order for registration of an F.I.R.
and investigation on the accusation of commission of the offences
alleged. As noticed hereinbefore, the respondent alleged
commission of offences under Sections 323, 384, 406, 423, 467,
468, 420 and 120B, IPC against the appellants. A bare perusal of
the said allegation and the ingredients to attract them, as
adverted to hereinbefore would reveal that the allegations are
vague and they did not carry the essential ingredients to
constitute the alleged offences. There is absolutely no allegation
in the complaint that the appellants herein had caused hurt on
the respondent so also, they did not reveal a case that the
appellants had intentionally put the respondent in fear of injury
either to himself or another or by putting him under such fear or
injury, dishonestly induced him to deliver any property or
valuable security. The same is the position with respect to the
alleged offences punishable under Sections 406, 423, 467, 468,
420 and 120 B, IPC. The ingredients to attract the alleged
offence referred to hereinbefore and the nature of the allegations
contained in the application filed by the respondent would
undoubtedly make it clear that the respondent had failed to make
specific allegation against the appellants herein in respect of the
aforesaid offences. The factual position thus would reveal that
the genesis as also the purpose of criminal proceedings are
nothing but the aforesaid incident and further that the dispute
involved is essentially of civil nature. The appellants and the
respondents have given a cloak of criminal offence in the issue.
In such circumstance when the respondent had already resorted
to the available civil remedy and it is pending, going by the
decision in Paramjit Batra (supra), the High Court would have(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (11 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]quashed the criminal proceedings to prevent the abuse of the
process of the Court but for the concealment.
11. In the aforesaid circumstances, coupled with the fact that in
respect of the issue involved, which is of civil nature, the
respondent had already approached the jurisdictional civil court
by instituting a civil suit and it is pending, there can be no doubt
with respect to the fact that the attempt on the part of the
respondent is to use the criminal proceedings as weapon of
harassment against the appellants. The indisputable facts that
the respondent has filed the pending title suit in the year 2015, he
got no case that he obtained an interim relief against his removal
from the office of Secretary of the School Managing Committee
as also the trusteeship, that he filed the stated application for an
order for investigation only in April, 2017 together with absence
of a case that despite such removal he got a right to get informed
of the affairs of the school and also the trust, would only support
the said conclusion. For all these reasons, we are of the
considered view that this case invites invocation of the power
under Section 482 Cr.P.C. to quash the FIR registered based on
the direction of the Magistrate Court in the afore-stated
application and all further proceeding in pursuance thereof.
Also, we have no hesitation to hold that permitting continuance
of the criminal proceedings against the appellants in the
aforesaid circumstances would result in abuse of the process of
Court and also in miscarriage of justice”.
ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “Sarabjit Kaur Vs
State of Punjab & Anr.” Criminal Appeal No. 581 of 2023 order
dated: 01.03.2023 ds iSjk Øekad 12 o 13 dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr djuk
U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“12. At this stage, we would like to observe something important.
Whenever an accused comes before the Court invoking either the
inherent powers under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure (CrPC) or extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226
of the Constitution to get the FIR or the criminal proceedings
quashed essentially on the ground that such proceedings are
manifestly frivolous or vexatious or instituted with the ulterior
motive for wreaking vengeance, then in such circumstances the
Court owes a duty to look into the FIR with care and a little more
closely. We say so because once the complainant decides to
proceed against the accused with an ulterior motive for wreaking
personal vengeance, etc., then he would ensure that the
FIR/complaint is very well drafted with all the necessary
pleadings. The complainant would ensure that the averments
made in the FIR/complaint are such that they disclose the
necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence. Therefore,
it will not be just enough for the Court to look into the averments
made in the FIR/complaint alone for the purpose of ascertaining
whether the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged
offence are disclosed or not. In frivolous or vexatious
proceedings, the Court owes a duty to look into many other
attending circumstances emerging from the record of the case
over and above the averments and, if need be, with due care and(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (12 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]circumspection try to read in between the lines. The Court while
exercising its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the CrPC or
Article 226 of the Constitution need not restrict itself only to the
stage of a case but is empowered to take into account the overall
circumstances leading to the initiation/registration of the case as
well as the materials collected in the course of investigation. Take
for instance the case on hand. Multiple FIRs have been registered
over a period of time. It is in the background of such
circumstances the registration of multiple FIRs assumes
importance, thereby attracting the issue of wreaking vengeance
out of private or personal grudge as alleged. 13. In State of
Andhra Pradesh v. Golconda Linga Swamy, (2004) 6 SCC 522, a
two-Judge Bench of this Court elaborated on the types of
materials the High Court can assess to quash an FIR. The Court
drew a fine distinction between consideration of materials that
were tendered as evidence and appreciation of such evidence.
Only such material that manifestly fails to prove the accusation in
the FIR can be considered for quashing an FIR. The Court held:-
“5. …Authority of the court exists for advancement of justice and
if any attempt is made to abuse that authority so as to produce
injustice, the court has power to prevent such abuse. It would be
an abuse of the process of the court to allow any action which
would result in injustice and prevent promotion of justice. In
exercise of the powers court would be justified to quash any
proceeding if it finds that initiation or continuance of it amounts
to abuse of the process of court or quashing of these proceedings
would otherwise serve the ends of justice. When no offence is
disclosed by the complaint, the court may examine the question of
fact. When a complaint is sought to be quashed, it is permissible
to look into the materials to assess what the complainant has
alleged and whether any offence is made out even if the
allegations are accepted in toto.
6. In R.P. Kapur v. State of Punjab, AIR 1960 SC 866 : 1960 Cri
LJ 1239, this Court summarised some categories of cases where
inherent power can and should be exercised to quash the
proceedings : (AIR p. 869, para 6) (i) where it manifestly appears
that there is a legal bar against the institution or continuance e.g.
want of sanction; (ii) where the allegations in the first
information report or complaint taken at its face value and
accepted in their entirety do not constitute the offence alleged;
(iii) where the allegations constitute an offence, but there is no
legal evidence adduced or the evidence adduced clearly or
manifestly fails to prove the charge.
7. In dealing with the last category, it is important to bear in mind
the distinction between a case where there is no legal evidence or
where there is evidence which is clearly inconsistent with the
accusations made, and a case where there is legal evidence
which, on appreciation, may or may not support the accusations.
When exercising jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code, the
High Court would not ordinarily embark upon an enquiry
whether the evidence in question is reliable or not or whether on
a reasonable appreciation of it accusation would not be
sustained. That is the function of the trial Judge. Judicial process,
no doubt should not be an instrument of oppression, or, needless
harassment. Court should be circumspect and judicious in
exercising discretion and should take all relevant facts and
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (13 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
circumstances into consideration before issuing process, lest it
would be an instrument in the hands of a private complainant to
unleash vendetta to harass any person needlessly. At the same
time the section is not an instrument handed over to an accused to
short-circuit a prosecution and bring about its sudden death…..”
(Emphasis supplied)”.
bl U;k;ky; dh led{k ihB ds }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “Pradeep
Kumar & Ors. Vs State of Rajasthan & Ors.” S.B Criminal
Miscellaneous (Petition) No. 1635/2022 order dated: 18.05.2022 ds
iSjk Øekad 8 dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“8. After hearing the learned counsel for the parties and
considering the material on record, this Court is of the
prima facie view that real dispute between the parties is
of civil nature which cannot be adjudicated by a criminal
court, hence the attempt of the complainant to get the
civil dispute resolved by resorting to invoking jurisdiction
of a criminal court amounts to abuse of the process of the
Court. In Murari Lal Gupta’s case (supra), identical issue
was there before the Court as to whether the facts of
breach of an agreement to sell property makes out a case
of fraudulent intention. Like, Murari Lal’s case (supra), it
is not the case of the respondent herein that the
petitioners do not have the property or the petitioners
were not competent to enter into an agreement to sale the
said property or could not have transferred the title to the
respondent. Merely because the petitioners failed to
honour the agreement, it cannot be said that the
petitioners had cheated to the respondent. Moreover, it
was known to the complainant, the intervening
circumstances of pendency of writ petition before the
High Court for deciding revenue claim of the same
property and pendency of the mutation matter. The
complainant was aware of the legal notices sent to him by
the petitioners through registered post disclosing details
of the developments of the pending matter but respondent
No.2 did not choose to send a reply and kept mumtill
petitioners sold some of the property which was subject
matter of agreement to some other person after expiry of
period of six months as agreed in the agreement.
Therefore, no ingredient of offence alleged under Section
420 IPC is made out. There is no case of the prosecution
that any document was forged by the petitioner. Forgery
is defined under Section 463 IPC which includes making
of false document as defined under Section 464IPC and
use of that forged document punishable under Section471
IPC. There is no averment at all that the petitioners were
involved in making any false document or used the said
forged document as genuine document. Therefore, offence
under Sections 468, 469, 471 and 120-B IPC are also
not made out. The complainant had separately entered
into an agreement with all the petitioners knowing the
fact well that the petitioners have transferable right in the
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (14 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
property, the legal notices sent by the petitioners
separately through registered post to the complainant
shows that they were always willing and ready to perform
their part of the agreement. Thus, totality of the material
available on record discloses the ingredients of none of
offences for which the FIR was registered, therefore, the
FIR is not sustainable, for this reason also”.
ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “”R. Nagender
Yadav Vs The State of Telangana & Anr.” SLP (Crl) No. 4629 of
2021 Order dated: 15.12.2022 ds iSjk Øekad 18 dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr
djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“18. We therefore allow this appeal, set aside the
impugned order of the High Court and quash the criminal
proceedings of Criminal Complaint No. 1029 of 2015. We
clarify that this will not come in the way of instituting
appropriate proceedings in future in case the Civil Court
comes to the conclusion that the disputed sale deed dated
29.12.2010 is forged. We refrain ourselves from
expressing any opinion as regards the genuineness or
otherwise of the sale deed in question as this question is
wide open before the Civil Court. The Civil Court shall
decide the civil suit pending between the parties on its
own merits and on the basis of the evidence that may be
led by both the sides. It shall be open to the Civil Court to
take the opinion of the hand writing expert as regards the
signature of the complainant on the disputed sale deed”.
ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fofu’p; “State of Haryana
Vs Bhajan Lal” (1992 Supp (1) SCC 335) ds iSjk Øekad 102
dks ;gk¡ mYysf[kr djuk U;k;ksfpr çrhr gksrk gS;
“102. In the backdrop of the interpretation of the various
relevant provisions of the Code under Chapter XIV and of
the principles of law enunciated by this Court in a series
of decisions relating to the exercise of the extraordinary
power under Article 226 or the inherent powers under
Section 482 of the Code which we have extracted and
reproduced above, we have given the following
categories of cases by way of illustration wherein such
power could be exercised either to prevent abuse of the
process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of
justice, though it may not be possible to lay down any
precise, clearly defined and sufficiently channelised and
inflexible guidelines or rigid formulae and to give an
exhaustive list of myriad kinds of cases wherein such
power should be exercised.
(1) Where the allegations made in the first information
report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their
face value and accepted in their entirety do not prima(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (15 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]facie constitute any offence or make out a case against
the accused.
(2) Where the allegations in the first information report
and other materials, if any, accompanying the FIR do not
disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation
by police officers under Section 156(1) of the Code
except under an order of a Magistrate within the purview
of Section 155(2) of the Code.
(3) Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR
or complaint and the evidence collected in support of the
same do not disclose the commission of any offence and
make out a case against the accused.
(4) Where, the allegations in the FIR do not constitute a
cognizable offence but constitute only a non-cognizable
offence, no investigation is permitted by a police officer
without an order of a Magistrate as contemplated under
Section 155(2) of the Code.
(5) Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint
are so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of
which no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion
that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the
accused.
(6) Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any
of the provisions of the Code or the concerned Act (under
which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the
institution and continuance of the proceedings and/or
where there is a specific provision in the Code or the
concerned Act, providing efficacious redress for the
grievance of the aggrieved party.
(7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended
with mala fide and/or where the proceeding is
maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for
wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to
spite him due to private and personal grudge”.
Fkkukf/kdkjh@vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh iqfyl Fkkuk izrkiuxj }kjk
vuqla/kku dj ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) ntZ izdj.k vne odw >wB
flfoy uspj esa ik;k x;kA fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds vkns’k ls iqfyl us
iqu% izdj.k esa vfxze vuqla/kku dj iqu% ;g ik;k fd
;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k us dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; ugha fd;k gSA fof/k foKku
iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ ls ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd tks oknxzLr IykWV dk
bdjkjukek vkSj jlhn fu”ikfnr dh xbZ gS og QthZ vkSj cukoVh ugha gSA
rFkk ml ij ifjokfn;k ds gLrk{kj gSaA QthZ LVkai [kjhnk x;k gks ,slk
dksbZ rF; Hkh vuqla/kku ds nkSjku lkeus ugha vk;k gSA
Fkkukf/kdkj@vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh iqfyl Fkkuk] izrkiuxj us izdj.k dk
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
[2026:RJ-JP:19836] (16 of 16) [CRLMP-7460/2022]
fu”i{k Lora= vuqla/kku ugha fd;k gks ;k vuqla/kku esa dksbZ dfe;ka j[kh gksa
;k Fkkukf/kdkjh@vUos”k.k vf/kdkjh dh ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ls feyhHkxr
gks ,slk dksbZ rF; lkeus ugha vk;k gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa ;kph@ifjokfn;k dfork ikfjd dh ;kfpdk la[;k
7256@2023 esa okafNr vuqrks”k ds vuq:i izdj.k Lora= vkSj fu”i{k
vuqla/kku ds fy, lhchlhvkbZMh dks varfjr fd, tkus dk dskbZ U;k;laxr
mfpr vk/kkj ugha gSA nksuksa i{kksa esa flfoy izd`fr dk fookn gS tks l{ke
U;k;ky; ds le{k flfoy fookn ds :i esa yafcr gSA flfoy izd`fr ds
fookn dks vkijkf/kd jax nsus ds fy, izFke lwpuk fjiskVZ ntZ dh xbZ gSA
iqfyl }kjk vuqla/kku ds mijkar vafre fjiksVZ izLrqr dh xbZ gS] ftlesa
mUgksaus ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds }kjk dksbZ vkijkf/kd d`R; fd;k tkuk
ugha crk;k gSA blds vfrfjDr fof/k foKku iz;ksx’kkyk dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh
bdjkjukek jlhn vkSj LVkai QthZ gksuk lkfcr ugha gq, gSaA laiw.kZ i=koyh
ds voyksdu ls ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa
vafdr vkjksfir vijk/k izFke n`”V~;k lkfcr ugha gksrs gSaA
,slh fLFkfr esa ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k ds fo#) ntZ izFke lwpuk
fjiksVZ la[;k 240@2019 izrkiuxj t;iqj flVh] iwoZ ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k
iz’kkar caly vkSj lqjsUnz dqekj dh gn rd (Up to the Extent of the
Petitioners) vkSj mlls mn~Hkqr leLr vkijkf/kd dk;Zokgh vikLr dh
tkrh gSA mDr foospu ds vk/kkj ;kphx.k@vfHk;qDrx.k }kjk izLrqr
;kfpdk la[;k 7460@2022 Lohdkj dh tkrh gSA
mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ;kph@ifjokfn;k }kjk izLrqr ;kfpdk
7256@2023 vLohdkj dj [kkfjt dh tkrh gSA
(CHANDRA PRAKASH SHRIMALI),J
KISHAN SONI /Res.
(Uploaded on 15/05/2026 at 02:34:43 PM)
(Downloaded on 06/07/2026 at 10:55:49 PM)
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
