State Of Gujarat vs Gauriben Wd/O Dhanjibhai Ratnabhai … on 9 July, 2026

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    Gujarat High Court

    State Of Gujarat vs Gauriben Wd/O Dhanjibhai Ratnabhai … on 9 July, 2026

                                                                                                                NEUTRAL CITATION
    
    
    
    
                                 R/CR.A/2021/2010                              JUDGMENT DATED: 09/07/2026
    
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                                       IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
    
                                               R/CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2021 of 2010
    
    
                            FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:
    
    
                            HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE HEMANT M. PRACHCHHAK
    
                            ==========================================
                                      Approved for Reporting            Yes     No
                                                                                 ✔
                            ==========================================
                                                     STATE OF GUJARAT
                                                            Versus
                               GAURIBEN WD/O DHANJIBHAI RATNABHAI GHAKOR (FORANIYA) &
                                                             ORS.
                            ==========================================
                            Appearance:
                            MS JIRGA JHAVERI APP for the Appellant(s) No. 1
                            MR PATHIK M ACHARYA(3520) for the Opponent(s)/Respondent(s) No.
                            1,2,3,4,5,6,7
                            NOTICE SERVED for the Opponent(s)/Respondent(s) No. 8
                            ==========================================
    
                                 CORAM:HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE HEMANT M. PRACHCHHAK
    
                                                           Date : 09/07/2026
    
                                                           ORAL JUDGMENT

    1. The appellant – State of Gujarat has preferred this appeal under
    Section 378(1)(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 against the
    judgment and order dated 13.08.2010 passed by the learned Special
    Judge (Atrocity) and Additional Sessions Judge, Ahmedabad (Rural),
    Ahmedabad (hereinafter be referred to as “the trial Court”) in Special
    Atrocity Case No.34 of 2009, whereby the trial Court has acquitted the
    original accused (respondents herein) for the offence punishable

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    under Sections 143, 294(B), 323, 506(2) etc of the Indian Penal Code
    [hereinafter be referred to as “the IPC“] and under Section 3(1)(x) of
    the the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of
    Atrocities) Act, 1989 (hereinafter referred to as “the Atrocity Act”).

    2. Short facts of the prosecution case are that on 02.06.2008, at
    about 10:00 a.m., Gauriben had started repairing work of her old
    illegal rooms and on the next day, the Corporation had ordered that
    the construction work be stopped and they had instructed that the
    repairing work on these rooms should not continue, for which,
    Vinubhai was informed that the work would nevertheless continue.
    Accordingly, on 03.06.2008, they went to the Corporation and
    informed the official of the Corporation that the construction had
    started at the place mentioned in their Application No. 1564 dated
    29.01.2008, and requested that same be stopped. On 04.06.2008 at
    about 12:30 p.m., while he was at home, his wife Nimaben, sister
    Archanaben, and mother Narmadaben were present. At that time, a
    Municipal Corporation vehicle arrived with the officer of the
    Corporation and his staff to demolish the room which had been
    constructed. At that time, Gauriben and her daughter Poonamben
    were present there and they were having an argument with the
    Corporation officials. At that time, Vijay Sukhabhai and his friend,
    whom the complainant could identify by sight, entered the
    complainant’s house and began loudly hurling filthy and abusive
    language at the complainant. Thereafter, the Corporation officials had
    completed their work and left the place and during this time,
    Gauriben’s son-in-law Ghanshyam, Vinubhai’s wife Geetaben,
    Dhabuben (Gauriben’s daughter), Manuben, Rameshbhai, and five to
    seven unidentified women and men had gathered there. At that time,
    Mrigeshbhai Nakum and the complainant’s relative Shankarbhai Dabhi

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    also arrived near the complainant’s house. The accused then again
    started using filthy and abusive language due to which complaint
    being C.R. No.II – 301/2008 was lodged by the complainant before
    Vejalpur Police Station for the aforesaid offences. The police prepared
    panchnama of the scene of offence and after preparing the arrest
    panchnama, the accused came to be arrested. On completion of
    investigation, charge sheet was submitted into the Court of learned
    J.M.F.C.

    2.1 The charge against the accused came to be framed by the trial
    Court vide Exhibit 4 for the aforesaid offences against the accused.
    On being explained it to them, the accused have denied having
    committed any offence. The accused pleaded not guilty to the charge
    and pleaded for trial and hence, the case was tried by the learned
    Additional Sessions Judge, Ahmedabad (Rural).

    3. It appears from the records that to prove the case, the
    prosecution has examined the witnesses and in addition to this, the
    prosecution has also produced the documentary evidence.

    4. After closure of the evidence, the statements of the accused
    under section 313 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 have been
    recorded wherein they denied of having committed any offence and
    have stated that they are innocent.

    5. After hearing both sides and considering the evidence on
    records, the trial Court by impugned judgment and order has
    acquitted the accused from all the charges levelled against them.

    6. Being aggrieved by and dissatisfied with the aforesaid judgment

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    and order of acquittal the appellant – State of Gujarat has preferred
    this appeal.

    7. Heard Ms.Jirga Jhaveri, learned Additional Public Prosecutor for
    the appellant – State of Gujarat, Mr.Pathik Acharya, learned counsel
    for respondents at length.

    8. Ms.Jhaveri, learned Additional Public Prosecutor appearing for
    the appellant – State of Gujarat has submitted the same facts which
    are narrated in the memo of appeal and has also submitted that the
    prosecution has examined witnesses and produced documentary
    evidence, despite this fact, the trial Court has not considered the
    same in its true and proper perspective in passing the judgment and
    order of acquittal. She, while referring to the entire oral as well as
    documentary evidence, has assailed the impugned judgment and
    order and submitted that the trial Court has not taken into
    consideration the evidence connecting the accused to the alleged
    offence in its proper perspective and even the prosecution has been
    able to prove the charges levelled against the accused. While
    referring to the evidence of the witnesses and the material collected
    against the accused, learned Additional Public Prosecutor has
    submitted that the prosecution has established the case against the
    accused by examining the witnesses, who have supported the case of
    the prosecution, however, the trial Court has discarded and
    disbelieved the evidence of these witnesses. She has submitted that
    the witnesses have fully supported the case of the prosecution,
    however, the trial Court has not appreciated the same and passed the
    judgment and order of acquittal which is illegal and unjust. She has
    submitted that it is settled legal position that the evidence of a single
    witness is sufficient for conviction if the same is reliable and

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    trustworthy and in the present case, though the evidence of all the
    witnesses are reliable and trustworthy, without any cogent reason,
    the trial Court has disbelieved and discarded the evidence of the
    witnesses.

    8.1 Learned Additional Public Prosecutor has further submitted that
    the impugned judgment of acquittal is contrary to the evidence on
    record, based on erroneous appreciation of material evidence, and
    has resulted in a miscarriage of justice and the findings recorded by
    the learned Trial Court are perverse and unsustainable in law, thereby
    calling for interference by this Court in the exercise of its appellate
    jurisdiction. She has also submitted that the learned Trial Court has
    materially erred in holding that the prosecution has failed to prove its
    case beyond reasonable doubt and the findings recorded by the trial
    Court were therefore perverse, illegal, and contrary to the evidence
    on record.

    8.2 Learned Additional Public Prosecutor has submitted that the
    accused with the help of each other and with common intention and
    motive, formed unlawful assembly and threatened to kill the
    complainant and caused grievous injuries to the complainant. She has
    submitted that the trial Court has not considered the decisions of the
    Hon’ble Supreme Court and the ratio laid down. She has submitted
    that the prosecution has examined the complainant, investigating
    officer and other witnesses in support o the case and produced ample
    material in the form of oral as well as documentary evidence,
    however, the trial Court has not properly appreciated the same. She
    has submitted that the muddamal was recovered from the accused
    and even the caste certificate of the complainant, which was fully
    supported the case of the prosecution, however, the trial Court has

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    committed an error in not appreciating such material.

    8.3 According to learned Additional Public Prosecutor, the trial Court
    ought to have convicted the accused and ought to have imposed
    necessary sentence. Learned Additional Public Prosecutor has prayed
    to allow the present appeal and to quash and set aside the impugned
    judgment and order of acquittal.

    9. Per contra, Mr.Acharya, learned counsel for the respondents
    have supported the impugned judgment and order and has submitted
    that the trial Court has not committed any error of law and fact in
    acquitting the accused from the charges levelled against them. He
    has submitted that the ingredients of the offence alleged against the
    accused are not proved beyond reasonable doubt and, therefore, the
    trial Court has rightly acquitted the accused as the complainant has
    failed to prove the charge levelled against the accused. He has also
    submitted that there is no iota of evidence to connect the accused
    with the alleged crime in question. He has submitted that the
    evidence led by the prosecution suffers from material contradictions,
    omissions, and inconsistencies, which create serious doubt about the
    veracity of the prosecution case and the prosecution has failed to
    establish the essential ingredients of the alleged offences and has not
    produced reliable, trustworthy, and corroborative evidence connecting
    the respondent with the commission of the alleged offence. He has
    submitted that it is a settled principle of criminal jurisprudence that
    the presumption of innocence in favour of an accused is further
    strengthened by an order of acquittal. It is submitted that unless the
    findings recorded by the trial Court are shown to be perverse, illegal,
    or contrary to the evidence on record, the Appellate Court should be
    slow in interfering with an order of acquittal. It is submitted that the

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    appellant has failed to point out any infirmity, illegality, perversity, or
    misreading of evidence in the impugned judgment and order and the
    findings recorded by the learned trial Court are based upon proper
    appreciation of the evidence and settled legal principles. Learned
    counsel for the respondents has submitted that the appeal being
    meritless deserves to be dismissed and the impugned judgment and
    order of acquittal deserves to be confirmed.

    9.1 In support of his submissions, Mr.Acharya, learned counsel has
    relied upon the following decisions:

    (1) Karuppudayar Vs. State Rep. By The Deputy Superintendent Of
    Police, Lalgudi Trichy, AIR 2025 SC 705
    (2) Hitesh Verma Vs. State Of Uttarakhand, (2020) 10 SCC 710
    (3) Jagdish Vs. State Of Haryana, (2019) 7 SCC 711

    10. On perusal of the impugned judgment and order of acquittal
    passed by the trial Court, the questions arise for determination are as
    under:-

    (1) whether the trial Court has rightly justified in passing the
    judgment and order of acquittal.

    (2) whether the trial Court has rightly appreciated the oral as well
    as documentary evidence led by the prosecution in recording
    the reasons.

    (3) whether there is any illegality, irregularity and perversity in
    the impugned judgment and order of acquittal.

    11. Considering the facts of the present case, it appears that on
    04.06.2008 at about 12.30 hours, when the complainant along with

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    his family members were present at the residence, at that time, upon
    the complaint made by the complainant to the Municipal Corporation
    with regard to the unauthorized construction made by the accused at
    the vacant government land. The concerned officer of the Municipal
    Corporation, visited the place and for the purpose of demolition
    unauthorized construction, at that time accused have started quarrel
    with the complainant and his family members and also made an
    assault and also used filthy language with an intent to insult the
    complainant to his community and that is how, the alleged incident
    occurred and the complaint for the offence was lodged. It is an
    admitted fact that there was cross complaint wherein the present
    complainant along with his family members shown as an accused for
    the offence under Section 323, 294(b), 506(1), 114 etc of the IPC.
    Both cases were investigated and the charge-sheet filed against all
    the accused. The case against the complainant namely Parimal was
    tried by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Mirzapur, Ahmedabad
    (Rural), whereby the learned Magistrate has decided the same and
    acquitted all the concerned accused vide judgment and order dated
    30.07.2009, whereas, the present case registered by the Parimal
    against the present accused. On perusal of the evidence of P.W.1 –
    Parimal Atmarambhai Dabhi (Exhibit 16), P.W.2 – Nima Parimal Dabhi
    (Exhibit 19), P.W.3 – Archna Atmarambhai Dabhi (Exhibit 20), P.W.4 –
    Manjibhai valabhai Solanki (Exhibit 22), Mrugesh Dahyabhai Nakul
    (Exhiit 24), P.W.6 – Shankarbhai Khanabhai Dabhi (Exhibit 25) and
    P.W.7 – Ganpatbhai Dahyabhai Chauhan (Exhibit 28), it appears that
    all witnesses are the near relatives of the complainant and are
    interested witnesses since there was dispute in respect to the land
    which is in possession of accused No.1 – Gauriben. The parcel of
    vacant land is just adjoining to the land of respondent No.1, which
    was earlier used by the complainant and their family members for

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    parking of their vehicles and since it was objected by respondent
    No.1, the complainant, who was serving as press reporter in the Times
    of India moved an application and raised an objection against the
    construction put up by respondent No.1 on the said land and on
    account of that the dispute cropped up between the two families. It is
    the case of the prosecution that at the time of officer of the Municipal
    Corporation visited the place and demolished the unauthorized
    construction put up by respondent No.1 and hence the quarrel and
    altercation had taken place between two groups and in the result,
    there was an assault made by the respondents upon the complainant
    and his family members. On perusal of the said witnesses, it appears
    that the fact is not supported and it is contrary to the case adhered by
    the complainant. There is material contradiction in the evidence of the
    witnesses with regard to the time of registration of the FIR. From the
    material on record, it appears that the FIR which was registered by
    the accused is prior in point of time, whereas, the FIR registered on
    04.06.2008 at 6.00 p.m. by Parimal, P.W.1 was subsequent in time
    meaning thereby that the complainant tried to save his skin from the
    criminal complaint since the complaint was registered against the
    accused with concocted and cooked up story by the complainant and
    in support of the complaint, the police has recorded the statement of
    only interested witnesses. The Investigating Officer has not recorded
    the statement of the independent witnesses, who were residing in
    nearby and who were present as alleged by the complainant at the
    time of incident. It is to be noted that while recording the reasons, the
    trial Court has observed that though the dispute had started on
    account of demolition carried out by the Municipal Corporation and
    their officers were present, the Investigating Officer has neither
    collected the evidence from the Municipal Corporation nor recovered
    any application which was made by the complainant to the

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    Corporation nor he has examined the witnesses from the Corporation
    to the effect that who were the officers remained present at the time
    of incident. On this aspect, the prosecution has remained silent and
    there was no evidence worth the name which brought before the trial
    Court to connect the present accused with the crime in question. Now
    looking to the evidence of these related witnesses, it appears that the
    wife Nimaben was serving in concerned government department, who
    she was present at home on that day at the time which was
    mentioned by the complainant. Whether P.W.2 was on leave on that
    day for which no such investigation was carried out to that effect. So
    far as the sister namely Archna is concerned, whether at the time of
    incident, her presence was established or not; that is the question
    during the investigation and no sufficient evidence came forth on
    record. On perusal of the evidence of Mukeshbhai whose plot was
    adjacent to the plot of accused No.1 and since the dispute was going
    on between Suryakant and Gauriben, it appears that the brother of
    P.W.5 has admitted in his evidence that since he wanted to merge
    the land of accused No.1 with his plot, the quarrel had taken place
    and, therefore, he is also an interested witness and cousin brother of
    Parimalbhai then the evidence of Shankarbhai, who was the retired
    executive engineer and uncle of the complainant. If this Court peruses
    the evidence of Shankarbhai viz-a-viz evidence of Parimalbhai, there
    are major contradiction with regard to the time of incident, lodging of
    the FIR and presence of the complainant and others. The said witness
    has tried to inform Vijaybhai with an allegation that Vijaybhai had
    given kick and fist blows to Shankarbhai, however, the injured has not
    sustained any injury by this witness Shankarbhai nor any medical
    certificate was recovered by the Investigating Officer with regard to
    the injury caused to P.W.6 at the hands of the accused. So far as the
    allegations made against the accused are concerned, if this Court

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    considers the fact that the time of offence and date of offence is
    concerned, the FIR lodged by respondent No.1 was first in point of
    time, whereas, the FIR lodged against the accused appears to be an
    afterthought and counterblast. Therefore, the trial Court has observed
    that all these witnesses were intentionally deposed in favour of the
    complainant with an intent to implicate the accused in the alleged
    offence and there were material lacuna found during the course of the
    investigation and recording of the evidence of the concerned officers.
    It is the case of the complainant from the beginning that niece of
    accused No.1 was present at the time of incident and she was also
    abusing the complainant and in scuffle at the hands of the
    complainant her clothes were torn. It emerges from the record that
    the niece of accused No.1 was not joined as accused nor was she
    cited as a witness. It suggests that how the investigation was carried
    out by the Investigating Officer and under such circumstances, the
    trial Court has rightly disbelieved the case against the accused. So far
    as the allegations with regard to abuse with an intent to insult of the
    complainant is concerned, there was no evidence worth the name is
    corroborated with the crime in question and the prosecution has not
    produced cogent evidence with regard to the charge under Section
    3(1)(x) of the Atrocity Act.

    12. In view of the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case
    of Naresh Kumar Vs. State of Haryana, reported in (2024) 3 SCC
    573, the basic ingredient is required to be proved for the charge
    under Section 3(1)(x) of the Atrocity Act that it is in a public place or
    in presence of the public and in a public view and with an intend to
    insult any person by using abusive word to his/her community then
    only the charge under Section 3(1)(x) of the Atrocity Act can be
    attributed. In the present case, looking to the contents of the FIR, it

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    suggests that there is no ingredient of Section 3(1)(x) of the Atrocity
    Act proved by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. On close
    scrutinizing the evidence of the witnesses, it appears that all the
    witnesses have not narrated true and correct facts before the Court
    below and suppressed the genesis and even the prosecution is unable
    to lead any cogent evidence. On perusal of the evidence of P.W.8 and
    P.W.9, it appears that these witnesses are the police officers of the
    rank of DY.S.P. and In-charge of SC/ST Cell, who had not properly
    investigated the case and collected any evidence and, therefore,
    under the circumstances, the trial Court has rightly discussed the
    evidence of the witnesses in detail in passing the impugned judgment
    and order of acquittal.

    13. So far as the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case
    of Jagdish (Supra) is concerned, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has laid
    down the ratio with regard to the quality of the witnesses and
    testimony of the witnesses; whether reliance can be placed on this
    witness or any inimical witness. In the present case, it is already
    discussed that the prosecution has examined only interested
    witnesses and, therefore, their testimony is required to be scrutinized
    and if it is found to be genuine, then their evidence can be
    considered.

    14. So far as the decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case
    Hitesh Verma (supra) is concerned, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has
    held and observed that all insults or intimidations to a person will not
    be an offence under the Act unless such insult or intimidation is on
    account of victim belonging to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.
    The object of the Act is to improve the socio-economic conditions of
    the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes as they are denied

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    number of civil rights. Thus, an offence under the Act would be made
    out when a member of the vulnerable section of the Society is
    subjected to indignities, humiliations and harassment. Under the
    circumstances, the Hon’ble Supreme Court had issued certain
    guidelines that the objects and reasons of the enactment of the Act is
    to be looked into and it is to be seen from the evidence collected by
    the prosecution. In the case of Hitesh Verma (supra), the Hon’ble
    Supreme Court has held and observed in paras 8, 9, 10, 11 to 25 as
    under:-

    “8. Against the backdrop of these facts, it is pertinent to
    refer to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of
    enactment of the Act. It is provided as under:

    “Statement of Objects and Reasons. – Despite various
    measures to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the
    Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, they remain
    vulnerable. They are denied number of civil rights. They
    are subjected to various offences, indignities, humiliations
    and harassment. They have, in several brutal incidents,
    been deprived of their life and property. Serious crimes are
    committed against them for various historical, social and
    economic reasons.

    2. Because of the awareness created amongst the
    Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes through spread
    of education, etc., they are trying to assert their rights and
    this is not being taken very kindly by the others. When they
    assert their rights and resist practices of untouchability
    against them or demand statutory minimum wages or
    refuse to do any bonded and forced labour, the vested
    interests try to cow them down and terrorise them. When
    the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes try to
    preserve their self respect or honour of their women, they
    become irritants for the dominant and the mighty.
    Occupation and cultivation of even the Government
    allotted land by the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
    Tribes is resented and more often these people become
    victims of attacks by the vested interests. Of late, there
    has been an increase in the disturbing trend of commission
    of certain atrocities like making the Scheduled Caste

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    persons eat inedible substances like human excreta and
    attacks on and mass killings of helpless Scheduled Castes
    and the Scheduled Tribes and rape of women belonging to
    the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Under the
    circumstances, the existing laws like the Protection of Civil
    Rights Act, 1955
    and the normal provisions of the Indian
    Penal Code
    have been found to be inadequate to check
    these crimes. A special Legislation to check and deter
    crimes against them committed by non-Scheduled Castes
    and non-Scheduled Tribes has, therefore, become
    necessary.”

    9. The long title of the Act is to prevent the commission
    of offences of atrocities against the members of the
    Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, to provide for
    Special Courts and Exclusive Special Courts for the trial of
    such offences and for the relief and rehabilitation of the
    victims of such offences and for matters connected
    therewith or incidental thereto.

    10. The Act was enacted to improve the social economic
    conditions of the vulnerable sections of the society as they
    have been subjected to various offences such as
    indignities, humiliations and harassment. They have been
    deprived of life and property as well. The object of the Act
    is thus to punish the violators who inflict indignities,
    humiliations and harassment and commit the offence as
    defined under Section 3 of the Act. The Act is thus intended
    to punish the acts of the upper caste against the
    vulnerable section of the society for the reason that they
    belong to a particular community.

    11. It may be stated that the charge-sheet filed is for an
    offence under Section 3(1)(x) of the Act. The said section
    stands substituted by Act No. 1 of 2016 w.e.f. 26.1.2016.
    The substituted corresponding provision is Section 3(1)(r)
    which reads as under:

    “3(1)(r) intentionally insults or intimidates with intent to
    humiliate a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled
    Tribe in any place within public view;”

    12. The basic ingredients of the offence under Section
    3(1)(r)
    of the Act can be classified as “1) intentionally
    insults or intimidates with intent to humiliate a member of

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    a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe and 2) in any place
    within public view”.

    13. The offence under Section 3(1)(r) of the Act would
    indicate the ingredient of intentional insult and intimidation
    with an intent to humiliate a member of a Scheduled Caste
    or a Scheduled Tribe. All insults or intimidations to a person
    will not be an offence under the Act unless such insult or
    intimidation is on account of victim belonging to Scheduled
    Caste or Scheduled Tribe. The object of the Act is to
    improve the socio-economic conditions of the Scheduled
    Castes and the Scheduled Tribes as they are denied
    number of civil rights. Thus, an offence under the Act
    would be made out when a member of the vulnerable
    section of the Society is subjected to indignities,
    humiliations and harassment. The assertion of title over the
    land by either of the parties is not due to either the
    indignities, humiliations or harassment. Every citizen has a
    right to avail their remedies in accordance with law.
    Therefore, if the appellant or his family members have
    invoked jurisdiction of the civil court, or that respondent
    No.2 has invoked the jurisdiction of the civil court, then the
    parties are availing their remedies in accordance with the
    procedure established by law. Such action is not for the
    reason that respondent No.2 is member of Scheduled
    Caste.

    14. Another key ingredient of the provision is insult or
    intimidation in “any place within public view”. What is to be
    regarded as “place in public view” had come up for
    consideration before this Court in the judgment reported as
    Swaran Singh & Ors. v. State through Standing Counsel &
    Ors., (2008) 8 SCC 435. The Court had drawn distinction
    between the expression “public place” and “in any place
    within public view”. It was held that if an offence is
    committed outside the building e.g. in a lawn outside a
    house, and the lawn can be seen by someone from the
    road or lane outside the boundary wall, then the lawn
    would certainly be a place within the public view. On the
    contrary, if the remark is made inside a building, but some
    members of the public are there (not merely relatives or
    friends) then it would not be an offence since it is not in the
    public view (sic). The Court held as under: (SCC pp. 443 –
    44, para 28)

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    “28. It has been alleged in the FIR that Vinod Nagar, the
    first informant, was insulted by Appellants 2 and 3 (by
    calling him a “chamar”) when he stood near the car which
    was parked at the gate of the premises. In our opinion, this
    was certainly a place within public view, since the gate of a
    house is certainly a place within public view. It could have
    been a different matter had the alleged offence been
    committed inside a building, and also was not in the public
    view. However, if the offence is committed outside the
    building e.g. in a lawn outside a house, and the lawn can
    be seen by someone from the road or lane outside the
    boundary wall, the lawn would certainly be a place within
    the public view. Also, even if the remark is made inside a
    building, but some members of the public are there (not
    merely relatives or friends) then also it would be an offence
    since it is in the public view. We must, therefore, not
    confuse the expression “place within public view” with the
    expression “public place”. A place can be a private place
    but yet within the public view. On the other hand, a public
    place would ordinarily mean a place which is owned or
    leased by the Government or the municipality (or other
    local body) or gaon sabha or an instrumentality of the
    State, and not by private persons or private
    bodies.”(emphasis in original)

    15. As per the FIR, the allegations of abusing the
    informant were within the four walls of her building. It is
    not the case of the informant that there was any member
    of the public (not merely relatives or friends) at the time of
    the incident in the house. Therefore, the basic ingredient
    that the words were uttered “in any place within public
    view” is not made out. In the list of witnesses appended to
    the charge-sheet, certain witnesses are named but it could
    not be said that those were the persons present within the
    four walls of the building. The offence is alleged to have
    taken place within the four walls of the building. Therefore,
    in view of the judgment of this Court in Swaran Singh, it
    cannot be said to be a place within public view as none was
    said to be present within the four walls of the building as
    per the FIR and/or charge-sheet.

    16. There is a dispute about the possession of the land
    which is the subject matter of civil dispute between the
    parties as per respondent No.2 herself. Due to dispute,
    appellant and others were not permitting respondent No.2

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    to cultivate the land for the last six months. Since the
    matter is regarding possession of property pending before
    the Civil Court, any dispute arising on account of
    possession of the said property would not disclose an
    offence under the Act unless the victim is abused,
    intimated or harassed only for the reason that she belongs
    to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.

    17. In another judgment reported as Khuman Singh v.
    State of Madhya Pradesh
    , 2019 SCC OnLine SC 1104 this
    Court held that in a case for applicability of Section 3(2)(v)
    of the Act, the fact that the deceased belonged to
    Scheduled Caste would not be enough to inflict enhanced
    punishment. This Court held that there was nothing to
    suggest that the offence was committed by the appellant
    only because the deceased belonged to Scheduled Caste.
    The Court held as under:

    “15. As held by the Supreme Court, the offence must be
    such so as to attract the offence under Section 3(2)(v) of
    the Act. The offence must have been committed against
    the person on the ground that such person is a member of
    Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe. In the present case,
    the fact that the deceased was belonging to “Khangar”-
    Scheduled Caste is not disputed. There is no evidence to
    show that the offence was committed only on the ground
    that the victim was a member of the Scheduled Caste and
    therefore, the conviction of the appellant-accused under
    Section 3(2)(v) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
    Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act is not sustainable.”

    18. Therefore, offence under the Act is not established
    merely on the fact that the informant is a member of
    Scheduled Caste unless there is an intention to humiliate a
    member of Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe for the
    reason that the victim belongs to such caste. In the present
    case, the parties are litigating over possession of the land.
    The allegation of hurling of abuses is against a person who
    claims title over the property. If such person happens to be
    a Scheduled Caste, the offence under Section 3(1)(r) of the
    Act is not made out.

    19. This Court in a judgment reported as Dr. Subhash

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    Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharashtra & Anr., (2018) 6
    SCC 454 issued certain directions in respect of
    investigations required to be conducted under the Act. In a
    review filed by the Union against the said judgment, this
    Court in a judgment reported as Union of India v. State of
    Maharashtra & Ors.
    , (2020) 4 SCC 761 reviewed the
    directions issued by this Court and held that if there is a
    false and unsubstantiated FIR, the proceedings under
    Section 482 of the Code can be invoked. The Court held as
    under:

    “52. There is no presumption that the members of the
    Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes may misuse the
    provisions of law as a class and it is not resorted to by the
    members of the upper castes or the members of the elite
    class. For lodging a false report, it cannot be said that the
    caste of a person is the cause. It is due to the human
    failing and not due to the caste factor. Caste is not
    attributable to such an act. On the other hand, members of
    the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes due to
    backwardness hardly muster the courage to lodge even a
    first information report, much less, a false one. In case it is
    found to be false/unsubstantiated, it may be due to the
    faulty investigation or for other various reasons including
    human failings irrespective of caste factor. There may be
    certain cases which may be false that can be a ground for
    interference by the Court, but the law cannot be changed
    due to such misuse. In such a situation, it can be taken
    care of in proceeding under Section 482 CrPC.”

    20. Later, while examining the constitutionality of the
    provisions of the Amending Act (Central Act No. 27 of
    2018), this Court in a judgment reported as Prathvi Raj
    Chauhan v. Union of India & Ors.
    , (2020) 4 SCC 727 held
    that proceedings can be quashed under Section 482 of the
    Code. It was held as under:

    “12. The Court can, in exceptional cases, exercise power
    under Section 482 CrPC for quashing the cases to prevent
    misuse of provisions on settled parameters, as already
    observed while deciding the review petitions. The legal
    position is clear, and no argument to the contrary has been
    raised.”

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    21. In Gerige Pentaiah, one of the arguments raised was
    nondisclosure of the caste of the accused but the facts
    were almost similar as there was civil dispute between
    parties pending and the allegation was that the accused
    has called abuses in the name of the caste of the victim.
    The High Court herein has misread the judgment of this
    Court in Ashabai Machindra Adhagale as it was not a case
    about the caste of the victim but the fact that the accused
    was belonging to upper caste was not mentioned in the
    FIR. The High Court of Bombay had quashed the
    proceedings for the reason that the caste of the accused
    was not mentioned in the FIR, therefore, the offence under
    Section 3(1)(xi) of the Act is not made out. In an appeal
    against the decision of the Bombay High Court, this Court
    held that this will be the matter of investigation as to
    whether the accused either belongs to or does not belong
    to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe. Therefore, the High
    Court erred in law to dismiss the quashing petition relying
    upon later larger Bench judgment.

    22. The appellant had sought quashing of the charge-
    sheet on the ground that the allegation does not make out
    an offence under the Act against the appellant merely
    because respondent No. 2 was a Scheduled Caste since the
    property dispute was not on account of the fact that
    respondent No. 2 was a Scheduled Caste. The property
    disputes between a vulnerable section of the society and a
    person of upper caste will not disclose any offence under
    the Act unless, the allegations are on account of the victim
    being a Scheduled Caste. Still further, the finding that the
    appellant was aware of the caste of the informant is wholly
    inconsequential as the knowledge does not bar, any person
    to protect his rights by way of a procedure established by
    law.

    23. This Court in a judgment reported as Ishwar Pratap
    Singh & Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr.
    , (2018) 13
    SCC 612 held that there is no prohibition under the law for
    quashing the charge-sheet in part. In a petition filed under
    Section 482 of the Code, the High Court is required to
    examine as to whether its intervention is required for
    prevention of abuse of process of law or otherwise to
    secure the ends of justice. The Court held as under:

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    “9. Having regard to the settled legal position on external
    interference in investigation and the specific facts of this
    case, we are of the view that the High Court ought to have
    exercised its jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC to secure
    the ends of justice. There is no prohibition under law for
    quashing a charge-sheet in part. A person may be accused
    of several offences under different penal statutes, as in the
    instant case. He could be aggrieved of prosecution only on
    a particular charge or charges, on any ground available to
    him in law. Under Section 482, all that the High Court is
    required to examine is whether its intervention is required
    for implementing orders under the Criminal Procedure
    Code
    or for prevention of abuse of process, or otherwise to
    secure the ends of justice. A charge-sheet filed at the
    dictate of somebody other than the police would amount to
    abuse of the process of law and hence the High Court
    ought to have exercised its inherent powers under Section
    482 to the extent of the abuse. There is no requirement
    that the charge-sheet has to be quashed as a whole and
    not in part. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed. The
    supplementary report filed by the police, at the direction of
    the Commission, is quashed.”

    24. In view of the above facts, we find that the charges
    against the appellant under Section 3(1)(r) of the Act are
    not made out. Consequently, the charge-sheet to that
    extent is quashed. The appeal is disposed of in the above
    terms.

    25. The FIR in respect of other offences will be tried by
    the competent Court in accordance with law along with the
    criminal case11, though separately initiated, for the reason
    that it relates to interparty dispute and is in respect of
    same subject matter of property, despite of the fact that
    two different dates of the incident have been provided by
    the parties.”

    15. In the case of Karuppudayar (supra), the Hon’ble Supreme
    Court has held and observed in paras 8 to 11 as under:-

    “8. For appreciating the rival submissions, it will be
    apposite to refer to the provisions of Sections 3(1)(r) and
    3(1)(s) of the SC-ST Act, which read thus:

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    “3. Punishments for offences of atrocities.–

    (1) Whoever, not being a member of a Scheduled Caste or
    a Scheduled Tribe,–

    (a) ………………………………………………

    (b) ………………………………………………

    xxx xxx xxx

    (r) intentionally insults or intimidates with intent to
    humiliate a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled
    Tribe in any place within public view;

    (s) abuses any member of a Scheduled Caste or a
    Scheduled Tribe by caste name in any place within public
    view;”

    9. A perusal of Section 3(1)(r) of the SC-ST Act would
    reveal that for constituting an offence thereunder, it has to
    be established that the accused intentionally insults or
    intimidates with intent to humiliate a member of a
    Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe in any place within
    public view. Similarly, for constituting an offence under
    Section 3(1)(s) of the SC-ST Act, it will be necessary that
    the accused abuses any member of a Scheduled Caste or a
    Scheduled Tribe by caste name in any place within public
    view.

    10. The term “any place within public view” initially came
    up for consideration before this Court in the case of Swaran
    Singh and others v. State
    through Standing Counsel and
    another, (2008) 8 SCC 435.
    This Court in the case of Hitesh
    Verma v. State of Uttarakhand and another
    , (2020) 10 SCC
    710 referred to Swaran Singh (supra) and reiterated the
    legal position as under:

    “14. Another key ingredient of the provision is insult or
    intimidation in “any place within public view”. What is to be
    regarded as “place in public view” had come up for
    consideration before this Court in the judgment reported as
    Swaran Singh v. State [Swaran Singh v. State, (2008) 8 SCC
    435 : (2008) 3 SCC (Cri) 527]. The Court had drawn
    distinction between the expression “public place” and “in
    any place within public view”. It was held that if an offence

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    is committed outside the building e.g. in a lawn outside a
    house, and the lawn can be seen by someone from the
    road or lane outside the boundary wall, then the lawn
    would certainly be a place within the public view. On the
    contrary, if the remark is made inside a building, but some
    members of the public are there (not merely relatives or
    friends) then it would not be an offence since it is not in the
    public view (sic) [Ed. : This sentence appears to be contrary
    to what is stated below in the extract from Swaran Singh,
    (2008) 8 SCC 435, at p. 736d-e, and in the application of
    this principle in para 15, below:”Also, even if the remark is
    made inside a building, but some members of the public
    are there (not merely relatives or friends) then also it
    would be an offence since it is in the public view.”] . The
    Court held as under : (SCC pp. 443-44, para 28)

    “28. It has been alleged in the FIR that Vinod Nagar, the
    first informant, was insulted by Appellants 2 and 3 (by
    calling him a “chamar”) when he stood near the car which
    was parked at the gate of the premises. In our opinion, this
    was certainly a place within public view, since the gate of a
    house is certainly a place within public view. It could have
    been a different matter had the alleged offence been
    committed inside a building, and also was not in the public
    view. However, if the offence is committed outside the
    building e.g. in a lawn outside a house, and the lawn can
    be seen by someone from the road or lane outside the
    boundary wall, the lawn would certainly be a place within
    the public view. Also, even if the remark is made inside a
    building, but some members of the public are there (not
    merely relatives or friends) then also it would be an offence
    since it is in the public view. We must, therefore, not
    confuse the expression “place within public view” with the
    expression “public place”. A place can be a private place
    but yet within the public view. On the other hand, a public
    place would ordinarily mean a place which is owned or
    leased by the Government or the municipality (or other
    local body) or gaon sabha or an instrumentality of the
    State, and not by private persons or private bodies.”

    (emphasis in original)”

    11. It could thus be seen that, to be a place ‘within public
    view’, the place should be open where the members of the
    public can witness or hear the utterance made by the
    accused to the victim. If the alleged offence takes place
    within the four corners of the wall where members of the
    public are not present, then it cannot be said that it has

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    taken place at a place within public view.

    16. This Court is aware about the decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme
    Court and the same principle has been reiterated time and again in
    subsequent decisions. Therefore, under the circumstances, I am of the
    opinion that the trial Court has not committed any error of facts and
    law in passing the judgment and order of acquittal. It is hereby noted
    that since the presumption of innocence was already established in
    favour of the accused before the trial Court and now the double
    presumption in favour of the accused. In view of the aforesaid facts
    and circumstances of the case, I am of the opinion that the appeal
    being meritless deserves to be dismissed.

    17. It is well settled by catena of decisions that an Appellate Court
    has full power to review, re-appreciate and reconsider the evidence
    upon which the order of acquittal is founded. However, Appellate
    Court must bear in mind that in case of acquittal there is double
    presumption in favour of the accused. Firstly, the presumption of
    innocence is available to him under the fundamental principle of
    criminal jurisprudence that every person shall be presumed to be
    innocent unless he is proved guilty by a competent Court of law.
    Secondly, the accused having secured his acquittal, the presumption
    of their innocence is further reinforced, reaffirmed and strengthened
    by the trial Court.

    18. Further, if two reasonable conclusions are possible on the basis
    of the evidence on record, the Appellate Court should not disturb the
    finding of acquittal recorded by the trial Court. Further, while
    exercising the powers in appeal against the order of acquittal, the
    Court of appeal would not ordinarily interfere with the order of

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    acquittal unless the approach of the lower Court is vitiated by some
    manifest illegality and the conclusion arrived at would not be arrived
    at by any reasonable person and, therefore, the decision is to be
    characterized as perverse. Merely because two views are possible, the
    Court of appeal would not take the view which would upset the
    judgment delivered by the Court below. However, the Appellate Court
    has a power to review the evidence if it is of the view that the
    conclusion arrived at by the Court below is perverse and the Court has
    committed a manifest error of law and ignored the material evidence
    on record. A duty is cast upon the Appellate Court, in such
    circumstances, to re-appreciate the evidence to arrive to a just
    decision on the basis of material placed on record to find out whether
    the accused are connected with the commission of the crime with
    which they are charged.

    19. The scope and principles are enunciated by the Hon’ble Apex
    Court in case of Chandrappa and others Vs. State of Karnataka
    reported in (2007) 4 SCC 415, more particularly paragraph Nos.

    42 and 43, which was subsequently re-affirmed by the Hon’ble Apex
    Court in the case of Rajesh Prasad Vs. State of Bihar and
    another
    , reported in [2022] 3 SCC 471, wherein, the Hon’ble Apex
    Court has enunciated the general principles in case of acquittal, more
    particularly in paragraph No. 26 the general principles are set out
    by the Hon’ble Apex Court based upon various decisions of the
    Hon’ble Apex Court.
    Then in case of Babu Sahebagouda
    Rudragoudar Vs. State of Karnataka
    , reported in AIR 2024 SC
    2252 = (2024) 8 SCC 149, the Hon’ble Apex Court has dealt with
    the similar issue, more particularly, in paragraph Nos. 37 to 40.
    Hence, we are in complete agreement with the findings recorded by
    the trial Court.

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    20. It is also worthwhile to refer to the recent decision of the
    Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Ramesh vs. State of
    Karnataka
    , reported in [2024] 9 SCC 169, wherein the Hon’ble
    Supreme Court has held and observed in paras-20 and 21 as under:-

    “20. At this stage, it would be relevant to refer to the
    general principles culled out by this Court in Chandrappa
    and others vs. State of Karnataka
    , regarding the power of
    the appellate Court while dealing with an appeal against a
    judgment of acquittal. The principles read thus:

    “42. …. (1) An appellate court has full power to review,
    reappreciate and reconsider the evidence upon which the
    order of acquittal is founded.

    (2) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 puts no
    limitation, restriction or condition on exercise of such
    power and an appellate court on the evidence before it
    may reach its own conclusion, both on questions of fact
    and of law.

    (3) Various expressions, such as, “substantial and
    compelling reasons”, “good and sufficient grounds”, “very
    strong circumstances”, “distorted conclusions”, “glaring
    mistakes”, etc. are not intended to curtail extensive
    powers of an appellate court in an appeal against acquittal.

    Such phraseologies are more in the nature of “flourishes of
    language” to emphasize the reluctance of an appellate
    court to interfere with acquittal than to curtail the power of
    the court to review the evidence and to come to its own
    conclusion.

    (4) An appellate court, however, must bear in mind that in
    case of acquittal, there is double presumption in favour of
    the accused. Firstly, the presumption of innocence is
    available to him under the fundamental principle of
    criminal jurisprudence that every person shall be presumed
    to be innocent unless he is proved guilty by a competent
    court of law. Secondly, the accused having secured his
    acquittal, the presumption of his innocence is further
    reinforced, reaffirmed and strengthened by the trial court.

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    (5) If two reasonable conclusions are possible on the basis
    of the evidence on record, the appellate court should not
    disturb the finding of acquittal recorded by the trial court.

    21. In Rajendra Prasad v. State of Bihar, a three-Judge
    Bench of this Court pointed out that it would be essential
    for the High Court, in an appeal against acquittal, to clearly
    indicate firm and weighty grounds from the record for
    discarding the reasons of the Trial Court in order to be able
    to reach a contrary conclusion of guilt of the accused. It
    was further observed that, in an appeal against acquittal, it
    would not be legally sufficient for the High Court to take a
    contrary view about the credibility of witnesses and it is
    absolutely imperative that the High Court convincingly
    finds it well-nigh impossible for the Trial Court to reject
    their testimony. This was identified as the quintessence of
    the jurisprudential aspect of criminal justice. Viewed in this
    light, the brusque approach of the High Court in dealing
    with the appeal, resulting in the conviction of Appellant
    Nos. 1 and 2, reversing the cogent and well-considered
    judgment of acquittal by the Trial Court giving them the
    benefit of doubt, cannot be sustained.”

    21. Considering the entire evidence on record, it clearly appears
    that there is no credible evidence to connect the present accused with
    the alleged crime and the evidence on record is not so convincing to
    prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused has committed the
    alleged crime. Therefore, the accused cannot be convicted on the
    evidence on record.

    22. On perusal of the impugned judgment and order, it clearly
    transpires that the trial Court has not committed any error of fact and
    law in appreciating the evidence on record and in acquitting the
    accused from the charges levelled against them. Even on re-
    appreciation of the evidence, it clearly transpires that the prosecution
    has miserably failed to prove the charge levelled against the accused
    beyond reasonable doubt. Therefore, the impugned judgment and
    order of the trial Court is sustainable and the present appeal is liable

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    to be dismissed.

    23. In view of the above, the present appeal is devoid of merits and
    it deserves to be dismissed. Resultantly, it is dismissed. The
    impugned judgment and order of acquittal passed by the trial Court is
    hereby confirmed. Bail bond stands cancelled. Record and
    proceedings be sent back to the concerned Trial Court forthwith.

    (HEMANT M. PRACHCHHAK,J)
    V.R. PANCHAL

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