Allahabad High Court
Ramu Kachi vs State Of U.P. on 28 April, 2026
Author: Manish Mathur
Bench: Manish Mathur
HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD, LUCKNOW BENCH
Neutral Citation No. - 2026:AHC-LKO:30658
HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD
LUCKNOW
CRIMINAL APPEAL No. - 2111 of 2008
Ramu Kachi
.....Appellant(s)
Versus
State of U.P.
.....Respondent(s)
Counsel for Appellant(s)
:
Dharmendra Singh
Counsel for Respondent(s)
:
G.A.
Court No. - 12
HON'BLE MANISH MATHUR, J.
1. Heard Mr. Dharmendra Singh, learned counsel for appellant and learned Additional Government Advocate for respondent/State.
2. The instant Criminal Appeal under Section 374(2) CrPC has been filed against judgment and order dated 05.09.2008 passed by I Additional Sessions Judge, Court No.7, District Unnao, in Sessions Trial No.167 of 2002, arising out of Case Crime No. 135 of 2001, under Sections 307/34 I.P.C., Police Station Asoha, District Unnao, convicting and sentencing the appellant under Section 307 I.P.C. read with 34 I.P.C. to seven years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs.7,000/- and in default of fine, he shall undergo additional imprisonment of nine months.
3. As per prosecution version, the incident is said to have taken place on 09.10.2001 at about 04.00 p.m. when the complainant alongwith his brother Ram Naresh and cousin Narendra were returning from some work and were waylaid by the appellant and co-accused and are said to have assaulted them due to previous enmity. Allegation levelled was that Nanhu opened fire upon Ram Naresh who suffered serious firearm injury.
4. Learned counsel for the accused-appellant submits that trial court has erred in recording conviction of appellant under Section 307 IPC read with Section 34 IPC in view of the fact that the prosecution was unable to establish its case against the appellant beyond reasonable doubt. It is submitted that trial Court has also erred in recording conviction under Section 307 IPC read with Section 34 IPC ignoring the testimony of the complainant himself which indicated that it was the co-accused Nanhu who had opened fire upon the injured resulting in firearm injury and that only allegation levelled against appellant was accompanying the said person and opened fire in air. It is submitted that the trial court has not recorded any satisfaction regarding conviction under Section 34 IPC. It is also submitted that material contradictions between the statement of prosecution witnesses have also been ignored. Learned counsel further submits that since the appellant did not have any previous criminal history, he was entitled to benefit of Probation of Offenders Act, 1958.
5. Learned counsel for the accused-appellant submits that appellant has not been convicted previously for any offence and at the outset, submits that he is not challenging the impugned judgment and order of conviction while confining his submission in the appeal only with respect to the order of sentence.
6. In view of aforesaid submission of learned counsel for accused-appellant, the appeal is dismissed so far as it relates to impugned judgment and order of conviction. The judgment and order of conviction passed by the court below dated 05.09.2008 is hereby upheld.
7. Learned counsel for accused-appellant submits that in view of aforesaid facts and circumstances including the fact that appellant has not been convicted previously for any offence, trial court ought to have invoked the provisions of The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Act, 1958’). It is further submitted that the trial court neither invoked provisions of the Act, 1958 nor the provisions of Section 360 Cr.P.C., while sentencing accused-appellant. Impugned judgment also does not indicate any special reason for not giving benefit of provisions of Section 360 Cr.P.C. or the provisions of Act, 1958.
Section 361 of the Code is required to be applied with or without beneficial provisions, i.e., Section 360 of the Code or the provisions of the Act, 1958. If the Court chooses not to apply either of these provisions, it is required to give special reasons for not applying beneficial provision in case the accused offender otherwise, is eligible for provisions of Section 360 of the Code or Section 3 or 4 of the Act, 1958.
8. Learned counsel for appellant submits that the accused-appellant has statutory right for claiming benefit of beneficial legislation, i.e., the provisions of the Act, 1958 and the court was under a duty to consider the applicability of Section 360 Cr.P.C. or Sections 3 or 4 of the Act, 1958 as mandated under Section 361 Cr.P.C. If the provisions of Section 360 Cr.P.C. or provisions of the Act, 1958 were not applied, then the court should have recorded reasons for same. It is, thus, submitted to that extent, impugned judgment and order suffers from serious illegality being violative of provisions of section 361 Cr.P.C. and, therefore, it cannot be sustained.
9. Learned A.G.A. has opposed criminal appeal on the ground that judgment and order of conviction is cogent and has been passed after due consideration of relevant material and evidence. However, as per instructions, he admits that there is no previous criminal history of the appellant. It is also submitted that in terms of provisions under Sections 360/361 CrPC, this Court may consider the grant of benefit.
10. Upon consideration of submissions advanced by learned counsel for parties and perusal of material on record, since only the aspect of probation for good conduct is being adjudicated upon, Sections 360 and 361 CrPC pertain to order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition and provides that where a person not under the age of 21 years is convicted of an offence punishable with fine only or with imprisonment for a term of seven years or less, or when a person under the age of 21 years is convicted of an offence not punishable with death or imprisonment for life and no previous conviction is proved against the offender, the Court recording conviction is required to consider various aspects including age, character or antecedents of the offender and circumstances in which offence was committed and should release the offender on probation on good conduct and instead of sentencing him to any punishment, direct that he may be released on his entering into a bond with or without sureties to appear and receive sentence for said period to keep the peace and good behaviour. Provision has also been made for exercise of such powers by Appellate Court or by the High Court or Court of Session.
11. Section 361 of the said Code indicates special reasons to be recorded in certain cases to the effect that in case an accused is entitled to benefit of Section 360 or under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 or the Youthful Offender under the Children Act, 1960 or any other law pertaining to training or rehabilitation of youthful offenders, but has not been granted such benefit, it shall record special reasons in its judgment for not having done so.
12. The Central Legislation on the subject being Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 particularly Sections 3 and 4 thereof indicate power of court to release certain offenders after admonition and power to release certain offenders on probation of good conduct.
13. The State Legislation applicable in the State of U.P. is the Uttar Pradesh First Offenders’ Probation Act, 1938 in which also Sections 3 and 4 pertain to powers of Court to release certain offenders after admonition and on probation of good conduct respectively.
14. The aspect of applicability of Sections 360 and 361 CrPC was dealt with by a Division Bench of this Court in Uttar Pradesh v. Misri Lal and others reported in 1982 CrLJ 1420. Relevant portion of the judgment is as follows:-
“26. …The application of Section 360 in Utter Pradesh was taken away by an Ordinance of the year 1975. The Ordinance was repealed and replaced by the Criminal P.C. (Uttar Pradesh Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 1976. This Act received the assent of the President on 30-4-1975 and published in the Utter Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette dated 1-5-1976. Section 12 of this Act repealed the Ordinance and laid down that notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken under the Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the provisions of this Act as if this Act had come into force on November, 28, 1975. The learned trial judge decided the case on 2-2-1976. Section 10 of the Amending Act No. 16 of 1976 amended S.484 of the Code and inserted the following clause (e) after clause (d) :-
“(e) …the United Provinces First Offenders’ Probation Act 1938……shall continue in force in the State of Uttar Pradesh …. and accordingly the provisions of Section 360 of this Code shall not apply to that State and the provisions of Section 361 shall apply with the substitution or reference to the Central Acts named therein by references to the corresponding Act in force in that State”.
Section 361 of the CrPC lays down that where in any case the Court could have dealt with an accused person under Section 360 or under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, or a youthful offender under the Children Act, 1960 or any other law for the time being in force for the treatment, training or rehabilitation of youthful offenders, but has not done so, it shall record in its judgement the special reasons for not having done so.
It follows from this provision read with clause (e) of S.484 mentioned above, the Court is required to record special reasons for not extending the benefit of the provisions of the Uttar Pradesh First Offenders’ Probation Act, 1938.”
15. Thus, provisions of U.P. Probation of First Offenders’ Act shall be followed, in the geographical area where that has been made applicable and not Section 360 of the CrPC. In this way enforcement of Probation Act in some particular area, thus excludes the applicability of the provisions of Section 360 of the Code in that particular area, however, it will be the bounden duty of the Court to consider as to why not to proceed to grant the benefit of Probation of Offenders Act, as provided under Section 361 of the CrPC.
16. Coming to the point of desirability of extending the benefit of Probation Act to the accused-appellant, in Sitaram Paswan and another Vs. State of Bihar, reported in AIR 2005 SC 3534, Hon’ble the Supreme Court held as under:-
“For exercising the power which is discretionary, the Court has to consider circumstances of the case, the nature of the offence and the character of the offender. While considering the nature of the offence, the Court must take a realistic view of the gravity of the offence, the impact which the offence had on the victim. Thebenefit available to the accused under Section 4 of the Probation of Offenders Act is subject to the limitation embodied in the provisions and the word “may” clearly indicates that the discretion vests with the Court whether to release the offender in exercise of the powers under Section 3 or 4 of the Probation of Offenders Act, having regard to the nature of the offence and the character of the offender and overall circumstances of the case. The powers under Section 4 of the Probation of Offenders Act vest with the Court when any person is found guilty of the offence committed, not punishable with death or imprisonment for life. This power can be exercised by the Courts while finding the person guilty and if the Court thinks that having regard to the circumstances of the case, including the nature of the offence and the character of the offender, benefit should be extended to the accused, the power can be exercised by the Court even at the appellate or revisional stage and also by this Court while hearing appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.”
17. In Mohd. Hashim Vs. State of U.P and others, reported in AIR 2017 SC 660, Hon’ble Supreme Court opined as under:-
“20. …In Rattan Lal v. State of Punjab AIR 1965 SC 444. Subba Rao, J., speaking for the majority, opined thus:-
“The Act is a milestone in the progress of the modern liberal trend of reform in the field of penology. It is the result of the recognition of the doctrine that the object of criminal law is more to reform the individual offender than to punish him. Broadly stated, the Act distinguishes offenders below 21 years of age and those above that age, and offenders who are guilty of having committed an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life and those who are guilty of a lesser offence. While in the case of offenders who are above the age of 21 years absolute discretion is given to the court to release them after admonition or on probation of good conduct, subject to the conditions laid down in the appropriate provisions of the Act, in the case of offenders below the age of 21 years an injunction is issued to the court not to sentence them to imprisonment unless it is satisfied that having regard to the circumstances of the case; including the nature of the offence and the character of the offenders, it is not desirable to deal with them under Sections 3 and 4 of the Act.”
18. Upon applicability of aforesaid provisions and judgments in the present case, it is evident that upon F.I.R. being lodged, charge-sheet was filed indicating imposition of Section 34 IPC as well whereafter charges were framed resulting in conviction of appellant. The judgment indicates that prosecution produced as many as 6 prosecution witnesses while defence was held under Section 313 CrPC without any defence witness. From the judgment it transpires that as per prosecution witness, role of opening fire upon the injured has been levelled against Nanhu while only role has been attributed to the appellant was firing in the air. It appears that injured suffered three firearm injuries and therefore a specific finding was required to be recorded regarding imposition of Section 34 IPC against appellant. It also appears from the judgment that the appellant had sought benefit of the aforesaid Act but was not granted. The incident is said to have taken place in the year 2001 with maximum sentence of seven years with fine having been imposed. Almost twenty five years since have passed and as per impugned judgment, there is no other pre or post-criminal antecedent of the accused appellant.
19. So far as the conviction part is concerned, this Court does not find any illegality, perversity or infirmity in the order passed by the courts below, but keeping in view the discussion made above, the sentence inflicted on the accused-appellant requires modification.
20. The appeal is partly allowed with following modifications:-
20.1. The conviction of the accused-appellant by courts below is upheld. The sentence of appellant-accused is modified to the tune that he is provided benefit of Section 4 of the U.P. Probation of Offenders Act and is released on probation on the condition that each of them will keep peace and good conduct for two years from today and shall file two sureties to the tune of Rs.20,000/- each along with his personal bonds before the court below and also an undertaking to the effect that he shall maintain peace and good behavior during the period of one year from today. In case of breach of any of the conditions mentioned above, the appellant will be subjected to undergo the sentence as awarded by the courts below. The bonds aforesaid will be filed by the appellant within one month from today before the District Probation Officer, Unnao under intimation to the concerned court.
22. A certified copy of the order be also sent to the court concerned and District Probation Officer, Unnao for necessary compliance, forthwith.
(Manish Mathur,J.)
April 28, 2026
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