Andhra Pradesh High Court – Amravati
Ch.Varalakshmi vs Venkatappa (D) on 9 March, 2026
APHC010096352002
IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
AT AMARAVATI [3397]
(Special Original Jurisdiction)
TUESDAY,THE TWENTY FOURTH DAY OF FEBRUARY
TWO THOUSAND AND TWENTY SIX
PRESENT
THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE VENUTHURUMALLI GOPALA
KRISHNA RAO
APPEAL SUIT NO: 804/2002
Between:
Ch.varalakshmi ...APPELLANT
AND
Ch Hanumantha Rao 17 Ors and Others ...RESPONDENT(S)
Counsel for the Appellant:
1. V K SHIVA SHANKAR
Counsel for the Respondent(S):
1. M R S SRINIVAS
2. A VEERASWAMY
APPEAL SUIT NO: 820/2002
Between:
Sripurapu Varalakshmi ...APPELLANT
AND
Chokkakula Narayanamma Died As Per Lrs ...RESPONDENT
Counsel for the Appellant:
1. V K SHIVA SHANKAR
Counsel for the Respondent:
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
1. A VEERASWAMY
The Court made the following:
Reserved on 05.02.2026
Pronounced on 24.02.2026
Uploaded on 24.02.2026
THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE V.GOPALA KRISHNA RAO
APPEAL SUIT Nos.804 & 820 of 2002
COMMON JUDGMENT:
The Appeal in A.S.No.804 of 2002 has been filed, under Section 96 of
the Code of Civil Procedure [for short „the C.P.C.‟], by the
Appellants/Defendant No.5 challenging the Decree and Common Judgment
dated 09.09.1998 in O.S.No.13 of 1986 passed by the learned Subordinate
Judge, at Tanuku [for short „the trial Court‟].
2. The Appeal in A.S.No.820 of 2002 has been filed, under Section 96 of
the Code of Civil Procedure [for short „the C.P.C.‟], Appellant/Defendant No.1
challenging the Decree and Common Judgment dated 09.09.1998 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 (O.P.No.38 of 1980) passed by the learned Subordinate
Judge, at Tanuku [for short „the trial Court‟].
3. Originally, the trial Court clubbed the aforesaid two suits in
O.S.Nos.13 & 18 of 1986, common evidence was recorded in
O.S.No.13 of 1986 and a common judgment was passed by the trial Court.
Since all the two appeals are filed against one common judgment, they are
clubbed together and a common judgment is being pronounced in these two
appeals.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
4. Both the parties in these Appeals will be referred to as they are arrayed
before the trial Court.
5. A.S.No.804 of 2002 ( O.S.No.13 of 1986):
The suit in O.S.No.13 of 1986 is filed by Chokkakula Hanumanta Rao,
seeking for partition of plaint schedule house into eight equal shares and allot
three such shares to the plaintiff and for mesne profits.
6. The case of the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986, on the file of the
Subordinate Judge, Tanuku, is as under:
One Chokkakula Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu are the sons of
Appalaswamy and Narayanamma, and Anjamma is his mother and she is the
wife of the said Chokkakula Madhavarao and he was born to Anjamma
through Chokkakula Madhavarao and the said Anjamma and Madhavarao are
the parents of the plaintiff. The plaintiff further pleaded that Chokkakula
Narayanamma died during the pendency of the suit vide O.S.No.18 of 1986
(O.P.No.38 of 1980) and after the death of the said Narayanamma, the legal
heirs of Madhavarao i.e. the plaintiff and his mother viz., the defendant No.1
and Tammi Naidu‟s branch succeeded to the plaint schedule property under
the settlement deed dated 07.10.1939, executed by Sattemma, and the
defendant Nos.2 to 4 are the daughters of Narayanamma, and the defendant
No.5/Chokkakula Varalaxmi, who is the defendant No.1 in O.S.No.18 of 1986,
her status as the wife of Tammi Naidu is disputed by the plaintiff, and the
creditors of Tammi Naidu are added as defendant Nos.6 to 9, and the
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002defendant Nos.10 to 14 are the legal representatives of the defendant No.9 in
O.S.No.13 of 1986. The plaintiff further pleaded that he and the defendant
No.1/his mother got issued a registered notice on 01.05.1983, demanding the
partition of the plaint schedule property, and the defendant No.4/Marrapu
Seetamma got issued a reply notice with false allegations, and the plaintiff is
entitled to half share in the share of Madhavarao in the plaint schedule
property, and Narayanamma succeeded to half of the share of Tammi Naidu
in the plaint schedule property being his mother. Since the defendants failed
to cooperate for partition of the plaint schedule property, the plaintiff is
constrained to file the suit.
7. Defendant Nos.1, 2, 7, 13 and 14 remained ex-parte before the trial
Court and the defendant Nos.8 and 9 died.
Defendant No.3/Marrapu Adilaxmi pleaded in the written statement that
she has no objection for partition of the plaint schedule properties as claimed
by the plaintiff.
8. Defendant No.4/Marrapu Seetamma, who is the plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986, filed her written statement. The brief averments in the said
written statement are as follows:
The plaintiff herein is not the son of Madhavarao and the defendant
No.1 is not his wife; after the death of the said Madhavarao, his property
devolved on his mother Narayanamma. She further pleaded that Tammi Naidu
and Narayanamma are entitled to each half share in the property as per the
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002settlement deed and Narayanamma executed a Will dated 09.10.1981,
bequeathing her estate to the defendant No.4 and died. She further pleaded
that the defendant Nos.2 and 3 have no right over the schedule properties and
defendant No.5/Chokkakula Varalakshmi is not the wife of Tammi Naidu and
that the entire plaint schedule property devolves on the defendant No.4 only
and it should be partitioned only between the defendant Nos.4 and 5 in 3:1
ratio even assuming the plaintiff and the defendant No.1 are the legal heirs of
Madhavarao and Narayanamma is also a legal heir and each of them is
entitled to 1/3rd share in the half share of Madhavarao.
9. The defendant No.6 adopted the written statement filed by the
defendant No.4.
10. The case of the defendant No.9 is that he lent money on the fact of a
mortgage bond executed by late Tammi Naidu mortgaging the plaint schedule
properties and O.S.No.31 of 1987 was filed by him.
11. The contention of the defendant No.5/Chokkakula Varalakshmi, who is
the defendant No.1 in another suit, is one and the same in both the suits and
she contended that she is the wife of late Tammi Naidu and she is entitled to
the property and she disputed the relationship of late Madhavarao with the
plaintiff and the defendant No.1.
12. Based on the above pleadings, the trial Court framed the following
issues in O.S.No.13 of 1986:
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
1) Whether the plaintiff is entitled to seek partition of the plaint schedule
property?
2) Whether the will dated 09.10.1981 executed by Narayanamma is true?
3) Whether the 5th defendant is the wife of late Tamminaidu?
4) Whether the plaintiff is entitled to any profits?
5) Whether the valuation of the schedule is correct? and
6) To what relief?
13. A.S.No.820 of 2002 (O.S.No.18 of 1986):
The suit in O.S.No.18 of 1986 is filed by Chokkakula Narayanamma
vide O.P.No.38 of 1980 for recovery of plaint „A‟ schedule covered under the
said settlement deed and plaint „B‟ schedule properties or in the alternative for
partition of the said properties into four equal shares and for separate
possession of three such shares and also for past profits. During the
pendency of the suit, the plaintiff No.1/Chokkakula Narayanamma died and
her daughter Marrapu Seetamma added as plaintiff No.2 under a Will said to
have been executed by the said Narayanamma.
14. The case of the plaintiffs in O.S.No.18 of 1986, on the file of the
Subordinate Judge, Tanuku, is as under:
The eldest son of Narayanamma by name Madhavarao died even prior
to the death of Sattemma and as such the undivided half share in the
schedule property vested in Narayanamma, who is his Class-I heir. The
plaintiffs further pleaded that the other son of Narayanamma by name Tammi
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002Naidu used to stay in a part of the schedule property with his wife by name
Challayamma, who died in the year 1976. The plaintiffs further pleaded that
Tammi Naidu was habituated to vices and brought the defendant
No.1/Varalakshmi, who started living in the schedule house and he was
beaten by her under intoxication, and he died with injuries on 20.09.1979, the
defendant No.1 had been collecting rents from the tenants. The plaintiffs
further pleaded that the plaint ‘B’ schedule properties are movable properties
and as both the vested remainder holders died, Narayanamma being a Class-I
heir became the absolute owner of the schedule property. She further pleaded
that the defendant No.1 murdered Tammi Naidu and as such she is
disqualified from inheritance and the relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968, is
not true and valid and it was obtained by Tammi Naidu by inducement from
Narayanamma and irrespective of relinquishment, Narayanamma is entitled to
the entire property in view of subsequent changes and that the plaintiff is
constrained to file the suit.
15. The case of the defendant No.1 by name Chokkakula Varalakshmi
(defendant No.5 in O.S.No.13 of 1986)/appellant herein is as follows:
She is the widow of Chokkakula Tammi Naidu and she is the legally
wedded wife. She further pleaded that the plaintiff No.1 is her mother-in-law
and later Chokkakula Tammi Naidu died and as per the postmortem
examination dated 19.09.1979, the death of Tammi Naidu was a natural
death. The defendant No.1 further pleaded that the marriage between herself
and Tammi Naidu was performed at Kagulapadu Village of Tadepalligudem
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002and the defendant No.1 was first wedded wife to one Gunpudi Sambasiva of
Aakiveedu village, who died even before the consummation of marriage. The
defendant No.1 further pleaded that during the lifetime of Tammi Naidu, the
plaintiff No.1 used to live with the defendant No.1 and Tammi Naidu and after
the death of Tammi Naidu also she continued to live in the plaint schedule
property. She further pleaded that the entire plaint ‘B’ schedule properties are
the Streedhana properties of the defendant No.1, which she got from her
parental house and they are not the joint properties. She further pleaded that
Tammi Naidu got 196 Sq. yards of the plaint ‘A’ schedule properties as per the
relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968, and the said property was mortgaged.
She further pleaded that after the death of Tammi Naidu, the defendant No.2
bore grudge against her because the defendant No.1 was not willing to act
according to the directions of the defendant No.2. She further pleaded that
she is the legally wedded wife of Tammi Naidu and she married Tammi Naidu
after the death of her first husband. She further pleaded that she is the sole
legal heir of Tammi Naidu as per the Hindu Succession Act and she is entitled
to half share in the plaint schedule property.
16. The defendant No.2 is none other than a tenant, he contended that he
stayed in the northern portion of their house by paying an amount Rs.30/-
towards rent to one Chokkakula Tammi Naidu till 29.09.1979. He further
pleaded that subsequent to the death of Tammi Naidu, the defendant
No.1/appellant collected the rents and from 01.04.1980 onwards he has been
depositing the rents into the Court. He further pleaded that he vacated the
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
portion of the schedule property in the month of March, 1996 and the claim
against the defendant Nos.4 and 5 was given up since they have vacated the
premises.
17. Based on the above pleadings, the trial Court framed the following
issues in O.S.No.18 of 1986:
1) Whether the 1st defendant is not the legally wedded wife of
Tamminaidu?
2) Whether the relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968, is vitiated by fraud
and misrepresentation and not binding on the plaintiffs?
3) Whether the plaint B schedule property is the Streedhana property of 1st
defendant?
4) Whether the 2nd plaintiff is entitled for partition of Plaint A and B
schedule properties?
5) Whether the 2nd plaintiff is entitled for the alternative relief as prayed
for?
6) Whether 1st defendant is disqualified? and
7) To what relief?
18. During the course of trial in the trial Court, on behalf of the plaintiffs in
O.S.No.13 of 1986 connected with O.S.No.18 of 1986, P.W.1 to P.W.3 were
examined and Ex.A-1 to Ex.A-5 were marked. On behalf of the Defendants in
O.S.No.13 of 1986 connected with O.S.No.18 of 1986, D.W.1 to D.W.8 were
examined and Ex.B-1 to Ex.B-5 were marked.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
19. After completion of the trial and hearing the arguments of both sides the
trial Court decreed the suits vide its common judgment, dated 09.09.1998,
against which the appeal in A.S.No.804 of 2002 is preferred by the defendant
No.5 in O.S.No.13 of 1986 and A.S.No.820 of 2002 is preferred by the
defendant No.5 in O.S.No.18 of 1986, questioning the common Judgment and
decree passed by the trial Court.
20. Heard Sri V.K.Shiva Shankar, learned counsel for the appellants and
Sri M.R.S.Srinivas, learned counsel for the respondents and
Sri A.Veeraswamy, learned counsel for the respondent/plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986.
21. Learned counsel for the appellant would contend that the trial Court has
failed to observe that the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 by name Chokkakula
Hanumanta Rao failed to establish by any evidence that his mother was the
legally wedded wife of late Madhavarao and he is the son of K.Madhavarao,
and Madhavarao died on 21.09.1966. Learned counsel for the appellant would
contend that the suit filed by the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986, is not
maintainable under law and plaint ‘A’ schedule property vested in the husband
of the appellant by virtue of relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968. Learned
counsel for the appellant would contend that the trial Court, while accepting
Ex.B-5, which was executed by Narayanamma in favour of Tammi Naidu,
ought to have dismissed both the suits, but the learned trial Judge decreed
both the suits.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
22. Learned counsel for the respondent No.1/plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986
connected with A.S.No.804 of 2002 contended that Madhavarao and Tammi
Naidu predeceased Narayanamma and she has a share along with Anjamma
and the plaintiff herein in respect of half of the share of Madhavarao and she
does not have any right without any partition to execute any document, and
that Ex.B-5 relied on by the appellant had no value in the eyes of law and it is
not binding. He would further contend that it is for the appellant to claim right
in respect of the estate of Tammi Naidu, which devolved upon Narayanamma
after his death, but in view of the specific recital of Ex.A-1, the plaint ‘A’
schedule property would vest on the male progeny of Tammi Naidu and in
strict sense no right is vested in favour of the appellant as there are no issues
for Tammi Naidu, but in strict sense, the property has to revert back to the
plaintiff only. He would further contend that however, as there is no cross-
appeal filed by him and he accepted the share given by the trial Court.
23. Learned counsel for the respondent/plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986
connected with A.S.No.820 of 2002 would contend that the findings of the trial
Court that Varalakshmi is the legal wedded wife of Tammi Naidu is totally
erroneous. He would further contend that the other finding given by the trial
Court that the marriage between Anjamma and Madhavarao is valid and the
P.W.1 was born to Anjamma and Madhavarao is also equally erroneous. He
would further contend that the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986, his mother along
with the appellant in both the appeals are liable to be non-suited totally. He
would further contend that both the appeals may be disposed of by dismissing
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
O.S.No.13 of 1986 and the suit filed by Marrapu Seetamma vide O.S.No.18 of
1986 may be decreed in respect of the entire plaint ‘A’ schedule properties. It
is undisputed that both the appeals are instituted by the defendant No.1 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986, connected with A.S.No.820 of 2002, who is the defendant
No.5 in O.S.No.13 of 1986, connected with A.S.No.804 of 2002. No cross-
appeals to challenge the finding and the decree and judgment given by the
trial Court are filed and no cross-appeal or appeal is filed by the
respondent/plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 and also by the respondent/Plaintiff
No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986.
24. Now in deciding the present first appeals, the points that arise for
determination are as follows:
1. Whether the appellant/Chokkakula Varalakshmi is wife of Tammi
Naidu?
2. Whether Chokkakula Hanumanta Rao and Anjamma are the legal
representatives of late Madhavarao?
3. Whether the Ex.B-1 Will deed dated 09.10.1981 said to have been
executed by Narayanamma in favour of the plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986, is proved in accordance with law?
4. Whether the relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968, is vitiated by
fraud and misrepresentation as alleged by the plaintiffs in
O.S.No.18 of 1986? and whether Narayanamma was having any
right to execute the said relinquishment deed?
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
5. Whether the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 and the plaintiff in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 are entitled to the relief of partition of the plaint
schedule property? and, Whether the decree and common
judgment passed by the trial Court in O.S.Nos.13 and 18 of 1986
needs any interference?
25. Point No.1:
Whether the appellant/Chokkakula Varalakshmi is wife of
Tammi Naidu?
The appellant contended that she is the legally wedded wife of Tammi
Naidu; the respondents pleaded that Tammi Naidu married one Chellayamma
and she died in the year 1976, and Tammi Naidu was habituated to vices and
brought one Varalakshmi, who started living in the plaint schedule house. The
contention of the appellant is that she is the legally wedded wife of Tammi
Naidu and her marriage with Tammi Naidu was performed at Kagulapadu of
Tadepalligudem, as per the caste customs and that she and Tammi Naidu
lived together as man and wife till the death of Tammi Naidu. The appellant
herein was examined as D.W.6 before the trial Court and her evidence shows
that her marriage with Tammi Naidu took place about seventeen (17) years
ago at Kagulapadu Village of Pentapadu Mandal, which is the native place of
her parents. She further deposed that after the marriage, they put up their
residence in the house belonging to her husband at Tanuku, and they lived
together for about two (02) years and thereafter, her husband died.
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
26. To discharge her burden, the appellant examined her brother as D.W.7
and he asserted about the marriage of D.W.6 with Tammi Naidu, which was
performed on 22.02.1976, and later, on the 3rd day of marriage, the appellant
was sent along with her husband to Tanuku, and the marriage of the appellant
with Tammi Naidu was performed as per caste customs. Furthermore, the
tenant who stayed in the house of Tammi Naidu was examined as D.W.8, and
he also asserted about the marriage of Tammi Naidu with defendant No.5
while he was staying as a tenant in the schedule-mentioned property, and
after their marriage, Tammi Naidu brought D.W.6 to the schedule property
house. He further asserted that Tammi Naidu and Varalakshmi lived in one
portion and subsequently he shifted his residence to another house which was
newly constructed by him. Apart from the oral evidence of D.W.6 and D.W.7,
the appellant also relied on Ex.B-2, the certified copy of the sworn statement
given by Chokkakula Tammi Naidu in C.C. No.220 of 1979 before the learned
Additional Judicial Magistrate of First Class, Tanuku, and the same was
exhibited as Ex.B-2. In Ex.B-2, Tammi Naidu asserted that the complainant
Varalakshmi is his wife, and furthermore, the appellant also relied on Ex.B-3,
the certified copy of the complaint, and the recitals in Ex.B-3 show that
Varalakshmi is described as the wife of Tammi Naidu in the said copy of the
complaint.
27. The oral evidence of D.W.7 and D.W.8 and Ex.B-2 and Ex.B-3 supports
D.W.6. Ex.B-2 and Ex.B-3, along with the evidence of D.W.6 to D.W.8,
clinchingly establish that the appellant is the wife of Tammi Naidu and after
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
their marriage they lived together in the plaint schedule property house for a
period of two (02) years and subsequently, Tammi Naidu died. D.W.1/Marrpau
Adilakshmi admitted in her evidence that Tammi Naidu and Varalakshmi are
wife and husband. Though D.W.2 disputed the relationship of husband and
wife between Varalakshmi and Tammi Naidu in her written statement, she
pleaded her ignorance about the marriage of Tammi Naidu with Varalakshmi.
D.W.2 admitted in her evidence that both of them lived together for about two
(02) years till the death of Tammi Naidu and the respondents failed to prove
that the appellant is not the legally wedded wife of Tammi Naidu. By giving
cogent reasons, the learned trial Judge held that the appellant/Chokkakula
Varalakshmi is the legally wedded wife of Tammi Naidu, against which no
cross-objections or appeal was filed by any of the respondents. Having
accepted the said finding, all the parties in the suits, now, in the appeal
proceedings after a lapse of twenty-four (24) years now, the respondents are
contending that Chokkakula Varalakshmi is not the legally wedded wife of
Tammi Naidu, therefore, the same cannot be accepted. There is a evidence
on record to show that the appellant herein is the wife of Tammi Naidu. By
giving cogent reasons and on considering the legal position, the trial Court
held that the appellant is none other than the wife of Chokkakula Tammi
Naidu. Therefore, there is no need to interfere with the said findings arrived at
by the trial Court.
Accordingly, Point No.1 is answered in favour of the appellant.
28. Point No.2:
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002Whether Chokkakula Hanumanta Rao and Anjamma are the legal
representatives of late Madhavarao?
The appellant by name Varalakshmi disputed the relationship of the
plaintiff and the defendant No.1 in O.S.No.13 of 1986 with Madhavarao, and
Marrapu Seetamma/plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986 also disputed the
relationship of Anjamma and her son/plaintiff with Chokkakula Madhavarao.
Admittedly, the trial Court arrived at the conclusion that the plaintiff in
O.S.No.13 of 1986 is none other than the son of Madhavarao and the
defendant No.1 Anjamma, against which no cross-appeal or appeal has been
filed by any of the respondents except the defendant No.5. As seen from the
written statement filed by the appellant and the written statement of
Seetamma, except for the formal denial, they have not taken any specific
defence in the pleadings about the relationship of the plaintiff and Anjamma
with Madhavarao.
29. To discharge the burden, the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 was
examined as P.W.1. P.W.1 asserted that the defendant No.1 is his mother and
he was born to P.W.2 through Madhavarao, and the defendant No.1 was also
examined as P.W.2. The plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 also relied on the
evidence of P.W.3. P.W.2 narrated in her evidence about the performance of
her marriage with Madhavarao, and P.W.3, who is a resident of
Tadepalligudem, also asserted in his evidence that he knows P.W.2 and that
he attended the marriage between P.W.2 and Madhavarao about thirty (30)
years ago. In the cross-examination, he asserted that he knew Madhavarao
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
even prior to the marriage with P.W.2. The defendant No.3, who was
examined as D.W.1, also asserted in her evidence that the plaintiff is none
other than the son of Madhavarao.
30. Though P.W.1 admitted in his evidence in cross-examination that prior
to the marriage of his mother with Madhavarao there was an earlier marriage
of his mother with her first husband, P.W.1, in his evidence in cross-
examination, affirmed that his mother, after obtaining a divorce from her first
husband, married Madhavarao and after the marriage of P.W.2 with
Madhavarao, he was born to P.W.2 through Madhavarao, and the family
members of Madhavarao are aware of the same.
31. In a case of Chowdamma (D) by LR and Another Vs. Venkatappa (D)
by LRs and Another1, wherein the Apex Court held as follows:
“38. The foregoing authorities indicate that the legal position enunciates a presumption
in favour of a marriage where a man and woman have engaged in prolonged and
continuous cohabitation. Such a presumption, though rebuttable in nature, can only be
displaced by unimpeachable evidence. Any circumstance that weakens this
presumption ought not to be ignored by the Court. The burden lies heavily on the party
seeking to question the cohabitation and to deprive the relationship of legal sanctity.In the aforesaid judgment, the Apex Court further held as follows:
“195. In order to appreciate the evidence of such witnesses, the following principles
should be kept in mind:
“(1) The relationship or the connection however close it may be, which the
witness bears to the persons whose pedigree is sought to be deposed by him.
(2) The nature and character of the special means of knowledge through which
the witness has come to know about the pedigree.
1
2025 SCC OnLine SC 1814
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
(3) The interested nature of the witness concerned.
(4) The precaution which must be taken to rule out any false statement made by
the witness post litem motam or one which is derived not by means of special
knowledge but purely from his imagination, and
(5) The evidence of the witness must be substantially corroborated as far as time
and memory admit.”
32. The specific case of the plaintiff herein is that by the date when
Madhavarao died, the plaintiff was aged about one and a half (1½) years and
that he did not know about the family details of his father. His mother/P.W.2
asserted in her evidence that she was married to one Apparao during her
childhood and later she became a child widow and later she married
Madhavarao as a second marriage. There was positive evidence on record
before the trial Court to establish that there was a marriage between
Madhavarao and P.W.2 and during their lawful wedlock the plaintiff was born
to them. D.W.2 asserted in her evidence that Hanumanta Rao was born in
Badampudi, which is the native place of Anjamma, and she used to stay with
other family members at Tanuku at her in-laws‟ place. The defendant No.4
was also examined as D.W.2 and she deposed that after the death of the first
wife, Appayamma, Madhavarao did not marry, but he kept a woman by name
Anjamma. In cross-examination, D.W.2 admitted that she did not attend the
marriage performed between Anjamma and Madhavarao, but Anjamma and
Madhavarao lived together, and she also pleaded ignorance about the birth of
the plaintiff to P.W.2 and about the date of birth of the plaintiff.
33. The evidence on record clearly reveals that Madhavarao and Anjamma
lived together as man and wife and D.W.6/appellant in her evidence admitted
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
that Chokkakula Hanumanta Rao, i.e., the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986, and
his mother used to visit their house, and further that the mother-in-law of the
plaintiff‟s mother is alive and staying with them. The plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of
1986, in the evidence of P.W.2, proved that Hanumanta Rao is born to P.W.2
through Madhavarao. Therefore, there is ample evidence on record to prove
that Madhavarao married the mother of the plaintiff/Hanumanta Rao and that
he was born during their wedlock. By giving cogent reasons and on
considering the case law of the Hon‟ble Apex Court, the trial Court came to
the conclusion that the plaintiff was born to Madhavarao and Anjamma and
the evidence of P.W.1 to P.W.3 along with the admissions of the defendants
supports that the plaintiff is the son of Madhavarao and Anjamma. The trial
Court has given the finding that after the marriage of Anjamma with
Madhavarao, Anjamma gave birth to P.W.1 through Madhavarao, Hanumanta
Rao was born to Madhavarao and Anjamma, against which no cross-appeal
or appeal has been filed by any of the other defendants except the defendant
No.5 in the suit in O.S.No.13 of 1986.
Accordingly, Point No.2 is answered by holding that the plaintiff in
O.S.No.13 of 1986 was born to Anjamma through Madhavarao.
34. Point No.3:
Whether the Ex.B-1 Will deed dated 09.10.1981 said to have been
executed by Narayanamma in favour of the plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986, is proved in accordance with law?
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002The suit in O.S.No.18 of 1986 was originally instituted by Narayanamma
and during the pendency of the suit, Narayanamma died and one of her
daughters was added as plaintiff No.2, based on the Will said to have been
executed by Narayanamma, and she is also the defendant No.4 in another
suit vide O.S.No.13 of 1986 and she was examined as D.W.2. Since the other
parties disputed the execution of Ex.B-1 Will, the defendant No.4 examined
both the attestors to Ex.B-1 as D.W.4 and D.W.5, and the scribe was also
examined as D.W.3.
35. The law is well settled that even though the alleged Will is a registered
Will, no importance will be given to the registered Will and it cannot be treated
as a genuine Will unless it is proved in terms of Section 68 of the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872 read with Section 63 of Indian Succession Act, 1956.
Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act reads as under:
“68. Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested –
If a document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one
attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its execution, if there
be an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process of the Court and capable of
giving evidence:
Provided that it shall not be necessary to call an attesting witness in proof of the
execution of any document, not being a Will, which has been registered in accordance
with the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), unless its execution
by the person by whom it purports to have been executed is specially denied.”
It is evident that in cases where the document sought to be proved is required by law
to be attested, the same cannot let be in evidence unless at least one of the attesting
witnesses has been called for the purpose of proving the attestation if any such
attesting witness is alive and capable of giving evidence and is subject to the process
of the Court. Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act deals with execution of
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
unprivileged Wills and, inter alia, provides that every Testator except those mentioned
in the said provision shall execute his Will according to the rules stipulated therein. It
reads:
“63. Execution of unprivileged wills.- Every testator, not being a soldier employed in
an expedition or engaged in actual warfare, or an airman so employed or engaged, or a
mariner at sea, shall execute his will according to the following rules:
(a) The testator shall sign or shall affix his mark to the Will, or it shall be signed by some
other person in his presence and by his direction.
(b) The signature or mark of the testator, or the signature of the person signing for him,
shall be so placed that it shall appear that it was intended thereby to give effect to the
writing as a Will.
(c) The Will shall be attested by two or more witnesses, each of whom has seen the
testator sign or affix his mark to the Will or has seen some other person sign the Will, in
the presence and by the direction of the testator, or has received from the testator a
personal acknowledgment of his signature or mark, or the signature of such other
person; and each of the witnesses shall sign the Will in the presence of the testator, but it
shall not be necessary that more than one witness be present at the same time, and no
particular form of attestation shall be necessary.”
36. As per the own evidence of the propounder of the Will, she was not
present at the time of execution of the Will. D.W.3 is the scribe and D.W.3
testified about the execution of Ex.B-1 Will by Narayanamma, D.W.3 is a
pleader‟s clerk aged about 93 years as on the date of giving evidence, and he
is also the neighbor of Narayanamma, and the Will is dated 09.10.1981 and
the date of recording his evidence is 08.07.1987, and sixteen (16) years have
been elapsed. However, his evidence testifies that he prepared the Will on the
dictation of the testatrix and after preparing the Will, he read over the contents
of the Will to the testatrix and thereafter obtained her thumb impression on the
Will and at that time the attestors were also present and they witnessed the
same.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
37. D.W.4 testified that the Will was executed at the house of the scribe and
Narayanamma came to his house and took him to the house of the scribe. He
further stated that the other attestor, Surya Rao, was also present at the time
of preparation of the Will and he put his signature as an attestor to the Will
and the scribe read over the contents of the Will and Narayanamma gave
instructions to draft the Will and he witnessed that she put her thumb
impression on the Will and he also witnessed that he himself and the other
attestor attested the Will. He further admitted that Ex.B-1 is the Will which was
executed by Narayanamma.
38. D.W.5 testified that he is running a pan-shop near Eswar Villas, and the
house of Narayanamma is abutting to the rear side of his shop and
Narayanamma executed a Will and sent word to him to attest the Will, the Will
was scribed at the house of D.W.3. He further testified that Narayanamma
gave instructions to draft the Will, the scribe read over the contents of the Will
and on hearing the same, Narayanamma admitted the contents therein.
39. All the witnesses, i.e., D.W.3 to D.W.5, testified about the giving of
instructions by the testatrix to prepare the Will to the scribe and after preparing
Ex.B-1 Will, the scribe read over the contents to the testatrix and the testatrix
admitted the contents of the Will and in the presence of the attestors and
scribe, the testatrix affixed her thumb impression on the Will. All the witnesses
D.W.3 to D.W.5 were cross-examined by the counsel for the other parties to
the suit, and in cross-examination, their evidence was not at all shattered on
the material aspects of the case. There is a evidence on record to show that
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
the propounder of the Will used to look after the testatrix after the death of her
husband. There are no suspicious circumstances surrounding the execution of
Ex.B-1 Will by the testatrix. Therefore, Ex.B-1 Will is proved in accordance
with law.
Accordingly, Point No.3 is answered.
40. Point No.4:
Whether the relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968, is vitiated by
fraud and misrepresentation as alleged by the plaintiffs in O.S.No.18 of
1986? and whether Narayanamma was having any right to execute the
said relinquishment deed?
Learned counsel for the appellant would contend that the trial Court,
having considered Ex.B-5 relinquishment deed executed by Narayanamma,
should not have granted the shares to the parties and instead of dismissing
the suit for partition, the trial Judge granted shares to the parties. Learned
counsel for the appellant further contends that in view of the relinquishment
deed under Ex.B-5 executed by Narayanamma, both the suits should have
been dismissed and the appellant alone, being the wife of Tammi Naidu, is
entitled to the entire plaint „A‟ schedule property and she alone has total rights
in the plaint „A‟ schedule property.
41. The recitals in Ex.A-1 settlement deed dated 07.10.1939, said to have
been executed by Sattemma, go to show that Narayanamma is entitled to
enjoy the said property during her lifetime without any power of alienation and
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
the vested remainder rights were given to Madhavarao, Tammi Naidu and to
their male progeny. The alleged relinquishment deed is said to have been
executed by Narayanamma is dated 06.09.1968 and the plaintiffs in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 pleaded that the relinquishment deed dated 06.09.1968 is
not true and valid and it was obtained by Tammi Naidu by inducement from
Narayanamma. Admittedly, the same was not pleaded by the plaintiffs in
O.S.No.18 of 1986.
42. By assigning reasons, the trial Court held that the relinquishment deed
under Ex.A-5 was executed by Narayanamma and the said finding is not
challenged by the respondents. Now the crucial fact to be decided is whether
Narayanamma was having the right to execute a relinquishment deed. It is
undisputed by both the parties that Narayanamma was only having limited
rights to enjoy the plaint schedule property by virtue of Ex.A-1 settlement deed
and did not get absolute rights over the property and a limited right of
enjoyment without any power of alienation was given to Narayanamma by the
settlor. Ex.A-1 document, read as a whole, leaves no doubt that Sattemma
gave limited rights of enjoyment to Narayanamma and vested rights were
given to Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu and their male progeny. Therefore,
Narayanamma was not having absolute rights in the plaint „A‟ schedule
property and that she was not having the right to execute any relinquishment
deed.
43. The law is well settled that “the limited estate holder cannot convey any
better title than what she has.” It is a fact that Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
predeceased Narayanamma. The object of executing the settlement deed by
Sattemma was obviously to confer the benefit on the family of Madhavarao
and Tammi Naidu and their male progeny as per the recitals of Ex.A-1
settlement deed and not on Narayanamma alone. The vested rights were
conferred in favour of Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu on the date of Ex.A-1
registered settlement deed, and the right to enjoy the property alone was
postponed till the death of Narayanamma. Narayanamma, i.e., the limited
estate holder, she died in the year 1981, and upon her death her limited rights
were terminated since, by the date of her death, the wife of Tammi Naidu and
the wife and son of Madhavarao were having vested rights in the plaint „A‟
schedule property, which were conferred upon the death of Tammi Naidu and
Madhavarao.
44. The recitals in Ex.A-1 go to show that by the date of Ex.A-1 settlement
deed, Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu were born and both were having vested
rights by virtue of Ex.A-1 settlement deed, but not contingent rights. As stated
supra, both Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu, who were having vested rights in
the plaint „A‟ schedule property predeceased Narayanamma, and by the date
of the relinquishment deed, Madhavarao was not alive, but his wife and son
were alive. Upon the death of the vested rights holder, the vested rights of the
deceased could not be defeated by his death before he obtained possession,
and his widow Anjamma and son, being the legal representatives of
Madhavarao, are entitled to the vested rights of Madhavarao. By the date of
the alleged relinquishment deed, Anjamma and her son were having rights
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
vested in the property to the extent of the share of Madhavarao, but their
enjoyment of the property to the extent of Madhavarao‟s share was postponed
till the death of Narayanamma, who was no more. For the aforesaid reasons,
Narayanamma was not having any right to execute the relinquishment deed in
favour of Tammi Naidu.
45. As stated supra, the object of executing Ex.A-1 settlement deed was
obviously to confer the benefit on the family of Tammi Naidu and Madhavarao,
who were in distress, and not that Narayanamma should alone be benefitted.
Ex.A-1 document conferred the vested rights in favour of Madhavarao, Tammi
Naidu, and their male progeny, but the right to enjoy the property was only
postponed till the death of Narayanamma. Since Madhavarao and Tammi
Naidu had acquired the vested rights in the property on the date of the
settlement deed, their rights could not be defeated by their death before
obtaining possession, and their widows and male progeny, being the legal
heirs, are entitled to the suit property upon the termination of the life estate of
Narayanamma.
46. It is not in dispute by both the parties that Ex.A-1 is a registered
settlement deed and its recitals are also not disputed by both the parties.
Therefore, it is evident that the death of the ultimate beneficiary during the
lifetime of the life estate holder will not have the effect of defeating the rights
which had already vested in the beneficiary, i.e., Madhavarao. Upon the death
of Madhavarao, his legal representatives will automatically succeed to the
rights of Madhavarao what he had.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
47. For the aforesaid reasons, the plaintiffs in O.S.No.18 of 1986 failed to
prove that the relinquishment deed was obtained by fraud or
misrepresentation. As stated supra, Narayanamma was not having any right
to execute the relinquishment deed.
Accordingly, point No.4 is answered.
48. Point No.5:
Whether the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 and the plaintiff in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 are entitled to the relief of partition of the plaint
schedule property? and, Whether the decree and common judgment
passed by the trial Court in O.S.Nos.13 and 18 of 1986 needs any
interference?
The case of the appellant/defendant No.5 is that the plaint ‘B’ schedule
property is her Streedhana property which was given by her parents. It is not
the case of the other respondents that the plaint ‘B’ schedule property belongs
to Tammi Naidu. The appellant/D.W.6 asserted in her evidence that the plaint
‘B’ schedule property in O.S.No.18 of 1986 was given by her parents. No
suggestion was given to D.W.6 by counsel for the other respondents on
record that the plaint ‘B’ schedule property was not given by her parents to
D.W.6. By giving detailed reasons, the trial Court held that the plaint ‘B’
schedule property belongs to the appellant herein, and the said finding was
unchallenged by the respondents in both the appeals.
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
49. Learned counsel for respondent No.5/plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of
1986 contended that Chokkakula Varalakshmi is not the wife of Tammi Naidu,
and Anjamma is not the wife of Madhavarao, and the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of
1986 is not the son of Madhavarao, and that the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of
1986 is entitled to the total plaint ‘A’ schedule property. As could be seen from
the judgment of the trial Court, the trial Court, by giving detailed reasons, held
that Varalakshmi is the wife of Tammi Naidu, and Anjamma was the wife of
Madhavarao, and the plaintiff in O.S.No.13 of 1986 is the son of Madhavarao
and Anjamma, and they are entitled to shares in plaint ‘A’ schedule property.
For the reasons best known to the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986, no
cross-appeal or no appeal was filed by the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986
against the said findings given by the trial Court.
50. Sri A.Veeraswamy, learned counsel for the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of
1986, placed reliance in Dilip Vs. Mohd. Azizul Haq and another2, wherein
the Apex Court held as follows:
“7. In theory the appeal is only a continuation of the hearing of the suit. Accordingly,
the word “suit” in the Order has to be understood to include an appeal. The result is
that at the time of the institution of the suit for eviction clause 13-A was not in force, but
at the time of appeal such a clause is introduced, the tenant in appeal becomes
entitled to its protection. We draw support for these propositions from the three
decisions of this Court cited by the learned counsel for the appellants. Therefore, we
are of the view that the High Court was not justified in holding that there was no appeal
filed or pending against the tenant. In this case, although a decree for eviction had
been passed in the suit, that decree was under challenge in a proceeding arising out of
that suit in appeal and was pending in court. Thus an appeal being a re-hearing of the2
AIR 2000 SUPREME COURT 1976
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
suit, as stated earlier, the inference drawn by the High Court that no proceedings were
filed or pending against the tenant as on the date would not be correct.”
51. Learned counsel for the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986, placed
further reliance in Malluru Mallappa (D) Thr. Lrs. Vs. Kuruvanthappa 3 ,
wherein the Apex Court held as follows:
“An appeal is a continuation of the proceedings of the original court. Ordinarily, the
appellate jurisdiction involves a re-hearing on law as well as on fact and is invoked by
an aggrieved person. The first appeal is a valuable right of the appellant and therein all
questions of fact and law decided by the trial court are open for re-consideration.
Therefore, the first appellate court is required to address itself to all the issues and
decide the case by giving reasons. The court of first appeal must record its findings
only after dealing with all issues of law as well as fact and with the evidence, oral as
well as documentary, led by the parties. The judgment of the first appellate court must
display conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons on all
issues and contentions. The judgment of the first appellate court has to set out points
for determination, record the decision thereon and give its own reasons.”
52. Learned counsel for the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986, placed
reliance in Panna Lal Vs. State of Bombay4, wherein the Apex Court held as
follows:
“The wide wording of O.41 R.33 was intended to empower the appellate court to make
whatever order it thinks fit, not only as between the appellant and the respondent but
also as between a respondent and a respondent. It empowers the appellate court not
only to give or refuse relief to the appellant by allowing or dismissing the appeal but
also to give such other relief to any of the respondent as “the case may require.” In the
present case, if there was no impediment in law the High Court could therefore, though
allowing the appeal of the defendant-appellant by dismissing the plaintiff’s suits against
it, give the plaintiff-respondent a decree against any or all the other defendants who
were parties to the appeal as respondents. While the very words of the rule make this
position abundantly clear the illustration puts the position beyond argument. If a party3
ILR 2020 Kant 1219 (SC)
4
AIR 1963 SUPREME COURT 1516
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
who could have filed a cross-objection under O.41 R.22 has not done so it cannot be
said that the Appeal Court can under no circumstances give him relief under the
provisions of O.41 R.33.”
53. In the case at hand, the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986 filed a suit
for recovery of possession of the plaint ‘A’ schedule property and plaint ‘B’
schedule property or alternative plea for partition of the plaint schedule
property into four (04) equal shares and to allot three (03) such shares to the
plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986. The trial Court, by giving detailed reasons
in its judgment dated 09.09.1988, held that Narayanamma was entitled to
5/12th share only in the plaint ‘A’ schedule property, and the plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 is entitled to get the share of Narayanamma by virtue of
Ex.B-1 Will, since Narayanamma died. Admittedly, no appeal or cross-
objections are filed by the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986 in the present
appeals, which are filed by the defendant No.5, and the plaintiff No.2 in
O.S.No.18 of 1986 has also not filed any appeal against the decree and
judgment passed by the trial Court. As stated supra, the trial Court passed the
common judgment on 09.09.1988, after a lapse of more than twenty five (25)
years, and having accepted the said findings given by the Trial Court, now, the
plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18 of 1986 cannot contend that she is entitled to total
plaint ‘A’ schedule property and the trial Court has given erroneous findings in
its judgment.
54. As per the recital of Ex.A-1 settlement deed, Madhavarao, Tammi Naidu
and their male progeny born together in future have rights in the plaint
schedule property. Chokkakula Sattemma was no more and she died long
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
back, and the life estate owner/Chokkakula Narayanamma also died. As per
the recitals of Ex.A-1 settlement deed, Madhavarao, Tammi Naidu and their
male progeny born subsequent to Ex.A-1 altogether are entitled to enjoy the
plaint schedule property after the death of Sattemma, and the said Sattemma
gave life interest alone to Narayanamma, without giving any power of
alienation. In view of the recitals in Ex.A-1, by the date of Ex.A-1, Madhavarao
and Tammi Naidu were born and they have the vested rights. Madhavarao
and Tammi Naidu predeceased Chokkakula Narayanamma, and Madhavarao
died leaving his wife by name Anjamma, and son Hanumanta Rao, and
mother Chokkakula Narayanamma. Tammi Naidu also died leaving his wife
Varalakshmi, who is the appellant herein, and his mother Chokkakula
Narayanamma. As stated supra, both Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu died
intestate.
55. Learned counsel for the appellant would contend that in view of the
relinquishment deed said to have been executed by Narayanamma in favour
of Tammi Naidu, the appellant alone is entitled to the total plaint ‘A’ schedule
property and both the suits filed by the plaintiffs may be dismissed. As stated
supra, Sattemma, who was the absolute owner of plaint ‘A’ schedule property,
executed a settlement deed in favour of Tammi Naidu, Madhavarao and their
male progeny, who were born subsequent to Ex.A-1 settlement deed are
entitled to plaint ‘A’ schedule property, and the life interest was also given to
Narayanamma without giving any power of alienation. Sattemma died long
back and the life estate holder, who was not having the absolute rights,
VGKR,J
A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
executed a relinquishment deed during her lifetime relinquishing her share in
favour of Tammi Naidu. The law is well settled that since Narayanamma was
not having absolute rights and only having a limited right of enjoyment, she is
not having any rights to execute a relinquishment deed. Moreover, in view of
the recitals of Ex.A-1 settlement deed, by the date of Ex.A-1 settlement,
Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu were born and they got vested rights, but not
contingent rights. It is undisputed that Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu
predeceased Narayanamma, upon the death of the vested right holders, their
rights could not be defeated by their death before they obtained possession,
and their widows being the legal representatives of Madhavarao and Tammi
Naidu, and the son of Madhavarao, are entitled to the vested rights of
Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu respectively, their enjoyment is only
postponed till the death of Narayanamma. As stated supra, Narayanamma
was not having any right to execute a relinquishment deed. Therefore, the
recitals in Ex.A-5 relinquishment deed cannot be taken into consideration.
56. In In view of my aforesaid findings, Madhavarao and Tammi Naidu will
get equal rights in plaint ‘A’ schedule property. Since Tammi Naidu died
intestate by leaving Class-I heirs i.e. his wife/appellant and his
mother-Narayanamma, they will get equal shares in the share of Tammi
Naidu. In the remaining half share belonging to Madhavarao, his wife
Anjamma, his son Hanumanta Rao and the mother of Madhavarao by name
Narayanamma will get equal shares i.e. 1/3rd each in the share of
Madhavarao, since Madhavarao died intestate. As stated supra,
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A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002
Narayanamma has no power to execute a relinquishment deed in favour of
Tammi Naidu, because she was not having absolute rights and she was
having only limited rights of enjoyment without any power of alienation. Since
Narayanamma was no more and died intestate, the plaintiff No.2 in O.S.No.18
of 1986, who is claiming rights in the share of Narayanamma, by name
Marrapu Seethamma, will get absolute rights in the shares of property of
Narayanamma by virtue of Ex.B-1 Will.
57. For the aforesaid reasons, I do not find any illegality in the decree and
common judgment passed by the trial Court. Therefore, there is no need to
interfere with the findings given by the trial Court in its judgment.
58. In the result, A.S.Nos.804 and 820 of 2002 are dismissed. Considering
the facts and circumstances of the case, each party do bear their own costs in
the appeals.
As a sequel, miscellaneous petitions, if any, pending in the Appeals
shall stand closed
_________________________
V.GOPALA KRISHNA RAO, J
Date: 24.02.2026
SRT
